Implemented project structure

This commit is contained in:
Fabio Scotto di Santolo
2025-11-29 18:39:57 +01:00
commit c59b4004e5
6024 changed files with 1100108 additions and 0 deletions

1
.gdbinit Normal file
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set dissasembly-flavor intel

26
Makefile Normal file
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CC = ./xpack-riscv-none-elf-gcc-13.4.0-1/bin/riscv-none-elf-gcc
CFLAGS = -nostdlib -O2 -g3 -Wall -Wextra -fno-stack-protector -ffreestanding
LD_SCRIPT = kernel.ld
LDFLAGS = -T$(LD_SCRIPT) -Wl,-Map=kernel.map
SRC = kernel.c
OUT = kernel.elf
.PHONY: all clean run
all: $(OUT)
$(OUT): $(SRC) $(LD_SCRIPT)
$(CC) $(LDFLAGS) $(CFLAGS) $(SRC) -o $@
clean:
rm -f $(OUT) kernel.map
run: $(OUT)
distrobox enter archlinux -- qemu-system-riscv32 \
-machine virt \
-bios default \
-nographic \
-serial mon:stdio \
-no-reboot \
-kernel $(OUT)

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asm.c Normal file
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#include <stdio.h>
int add(int a, int b)
{
int result;
asm volatile (
"addl %2, %1;" // Add b
"movl %1, %0;"
: "=r" (result)
: "r" (a), "r" (b)
: "cc"
);
return result;
}
int main(void)
{
int x = 10, y = 20;
printf("%d + %d = %d\n", x, y, add(x, y));
return 0;
}

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kernel.c Normal file
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#include "kernel.h"
extern uint8_t __bss[], __bss_end[], __stack_top[];
sbiret sbi_call(long arg0, long arg1, long arg2, long arg3, long arg4,
long arg5, long fid, long eid)
{
register long a0 __asm__("a0") = arg0;
register long a1 __asm__("a1") = arg1;
register long a2 __asm__("a2") = arg2;
register long a3 __asm__("a3") = arg3;
register long a4 __asm__("a4") = arg4;
register long a5 __asm__("a5") = arg5;
register long a6 __asm__("a6") = fid;
register long a7 __asm__("a7") = eid;
__asm__ __volatile__(
"ecall"
: "=r"(a0), "=r"(a1)
: "r"(a0), "r"(a1), "r"(a2), "r"(a3), "r"(a4), "r"(a5), "r"(a6), "r"(a7)
: "memory"
);
return (sbiret) { .error = a0, .value = a1 };
}
void putchar(char c)
{
// 1 => sbi_console_putchar()
sbi_call(c, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1);
}
void kernel_main(void)
{
const char *s = "\n\nHello World!\n";
for (int i = 0; s[i] != '\0'; i++) {
putchar(s[i]);
}
while(1) {
// wfi -> wait for interrupt
__asm__ __volatile__("wfi");
}
}
__attribute__((section(".text.boot")))
__attribute__((naked))
void boot(void)
{
__asm__ __volatile__ (
"mv sp, %[stack_top]\n" // Initialize the kernel stack pointer
"j kernel_main\n" // Unconditional jump to kernel_main
: // No output
: [stack_top] "r" (__stack_top) // Pass the stack top address
);
}

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kernel.h Normal file
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#ifndef KERNEL_H_
#define KERNEL_H_
typedef unsigned char uint8_t;
typedef unsigned int uint32_t;
typedef uint32_t size_t;
typedef struct {
long error;
long value;
} sbiret;
#endif // KERNEL_H_

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kernel.ld Normal file
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ENTRY(boot)
SECTIONS {
/* base address */
. = 0x80200000;
/* contains the instructions */
.text :{
/* .text.boot always placed at the beginning */
/* KEEP to not discard section */
KEEP(*(.text.boot));
/* match all input files with all .text and all .text.* section */
,*(.text .text.);
}
/* contains read-only data */
.rodata : ALIGN(4) {
,*(.rodata .rodata.*);
}
/* contains read/write data */
/* adjust current address to a 4-byte boundary */
.data : ALIGN(4) {
,*(.data .data.*);
}
/* contains read/write data with an initial value of zero */
/* adjust current address to a 4-byte boundary */
.bss : ALIGN(4) {
/* assign current address to the symbol '__bss' */
/* you can access this symbol in C using 'extern char __bss;' */
__bss = .;
,*(.bss .bss.* .sbss .sbss.*);
__bss_end = .;
}
/* kernel stack right after .bss and with size 128KB */
/* adjust current address to a 4-byte boundary */
. = ALIGN(4);
. += 128 * 1024; /* 128KB */
__stack_top = .;
}

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linker.ld Normal file
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SECTIONS
{
. = 0x80200000;
.text : {
*(.text.entry) /* entry point */
*(.text*) /* all text sections */
}
.rodata : { *(.rodata*) }
.data : { *(.data*) }
.bss : { *(.bss*) }
}

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naked.c Normal file
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#include <stdio.h>
// No function prologue/epilogue - raw assembly only
__attribute__((naked))
void my_naked_function()
{
__asm__ volatile (
"movl $42, %eax\n\t"
"ret"
);
}
int main()
{
int result;
__asm__ volatile (
"call my_naked_function\n\t"
"movl %%eax, %0\n\t"
: "=r"(result)
:
: "%eax"
);
printf("Result from naked function: %d\n", result);
return 0;
}

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print.S Normal file
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.section .text
.globl _start
_start:
li a0, 72 # ASCII 'H'
li a7, 1 # SBI call ID for sbi_console_putchar
ecall # Make the SBI call
li a0, 101
li a7, 1
ecall
li a0, 108
li a7, 1
ecall
li a0, 108
li a7, 1
ecall
li a0, 111
li a7, 1
ecall
li a0, 10
li a7, 1
ecall
li a7, 93 # SBI call: shutdown
li a0, 0 # exit code 0
ecall
loop:
j loop # Infinite loop after printing

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section.c Normal file
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#include <stdio.h>
int var __attribute__((section("custom_data"))) = 1337;
__attribute__((section("custom_text")))
void custom()
{
printf("Hello from custom() in custom section!\n");
}
int main()
{
printf("var = %d\n", var);
custom();
return 0;
}

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# xPack GNU RISC-V Embedded GCC
The **xPack GNU RISC-V Embedded GCC** (formerly GNU MCU Eclipse RISC-V GCC)
is the **xPack** version of the **GNU RISC-V Embedded GCC** toolchain
maintained by **SiFive**.
For more details, please read the corresponding release pages:
- <https://xpack.github.io/riscv-none-elf-gcc/releases/>
- <https://github.com/sifive/freedom-tools/releases>
Thank you for using open source software,
Liviu Ionescu

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#! /bin/sh
# Add a .gdb_index section to a file.
# Copyright (C) 2010-2024 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
# the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or
# (at your option) any later version.
#
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
# GNU General Public License for more details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
# along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
# This program assumes gdb and objcopy are in $PATH.
# If not, or you want others, pass the following in the environment
GDB=${GDB:=gdb}
OBJCOPY=${OBJCOPY:=objcopy}
READELF=${READELF:=readelf}
myname="${0##*/}"
dwarf5=""
if [ "$1" = "-dwarf-5" ]; then
dwarf5="$1"
shift
fi
if test $# != 1; then
echo "usage: $myname [-dwarf-5] FILE" 1>&2
exit 1
fi
file="$1"
if test -L "$file"; then
if ! command -v readlink >/dev/null 2>&1; then
echo "$myname: 'readlink' missing. Failed to follow symlink $1." 1>&2
exit 1
fi
# Count number of links followed in order to detect loops.
count=0
while test -L "$file"; do
target=$(readlink "$file")
case "$target" in
/*)
file="$target"
;;
*)
file="$(dirname "$file")/$target"
;;
esac
count="$((count + 1))"
if test "$count" -gt 10; then
echo "$myname: Detected loop while following link $file"
exit 1
fi
done
fi
if test ! -r "$file"; then
echo "$myname: unable to access: $file" 1>&2
exit 1
fi
dir="${file%/*}"
test "$dir" = "$file" && dir="."
dwz_file=""
if $READELF -S "$file" | grep -q " \.gnu_debugaltlink "; then
dwz_file=$($READELF --string-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink "$file" \
| grep -A1 "'\.gnu_debugaltlink':" \
| tail -n +2 \
| sed 's/.*]//')
dwz_file=$(echo $dwz_file)
if $READELF -S "$dwz_file" | grep -E -q " \.(gdb_index|debug_names) "; then
# Already has an index, skip it.
dwz_file=""
fi
fi
set_files ()
{
fpath="$1"
index4="${fpath}.gdb-index"
index5="${fpath}.debug_names"
debugstr="${fpath}.debug_str"
debugstrmerge="${fpath}.debug_str.merge"
debugstrerr="${fpath}.debug_str.err"
}
tmp_files=
for f in "$file" "$dwz_file"; do
if [ "$f" = "" ]; then
continue
fi
set_files "$f"
tmp_files="$tmp_files $index4 $index5 $debugstr $debugstrmerge $debugstrerr"
done
rm -f $tmp_files
# Ensure intermediate index file is removed when we exit.
trap "rm -f $tmp_files" 0
$GDB --batch -nx -iex 'set auto-load no' \
-iex 'set debuginfod enabled off' \
-ex "file '$file'" -ex "save gdb-index $dwarf5 '$dir'" || {
# Just in case.
status=$?
echo "$myname: gdb error generating index for $file" 1>&2
exit $status
}
# In some situations gdb can exit without creating an index. This is
# not an error.
# E.g., if $file is stripped. This behavior is akin to stripping an
# already stripped binary, it's a no-op.
status=0
handle_file ()
{
fpath="$1"
set_files "$fpath"
if test -f "$index4" -a -f "$index5"; then
echo "$myname: Both index types were created for $fpath" 1>&2
status=1
elif test -f "$index4" -o -f "$index5"; then
if test -f "$index4"; then
index="$index4"
section=".gdb_index"
else
index="$index5"
section=".debug_names"
fi
if test -s "$debugstr"; then
if ! $OBJCOPY --dump-section .debug_str="$debugstrmerge" "$fpath" \
/dev/null 2> "$debugstrerr"; then
cat >&2 "$debugstrerr"
exit 1
fi
cat "$debugstr" >>"$debugstrmerge"
if grep -q "can't dump section '.debug_str' - it does not exist" \
"$debugstrerr"; then
$OBJCOPY --add-section $section="$index" \
--set-section-flags $section=readonly \
--add-section .debug_str="$debugstrmerge" \
--set-section-flags .debug_str=readonly \
"$fpath" "$fpath"
else
$OBJCOPY --add-section $section="$index" \
--set-section-flags $section=readonly \
--update-section .debug_str="$debugstrmerge" \
"$fpath" "$fpath"
fi
else
$OBJCOPY --add-section $section="$index" \
--set-section-flags $section=readonly \
"$fpath" "$fpath"
fi
status=$?
else
echo "$myname: No index was created for $fpath" 1>&2
echo "$myname: [Was there no debuginfo? Was there already an index?]" \
1>&2
fi
}
handle_file "$file"
if [ "$dwz_file" != "" ]; then
handle_file "$dwz_file"
fi
exit $status

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#! /bin/sh
# Add a .gdb_index section to a file.
# Copyright (C) 2010-2024 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
# the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or
# (at your option) any later version.
#
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
# GNU General Public License for more details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
# along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
# This program assumes gdb and objcopy are in $PATH.
# If not, or you want others, pass the following in the environment
GDB=${GDB:=gdb}
OBJCOPY=${OBJCOPY:=objcopy}
READELF=${READELF:=readelf}
myname="${0##*/}"
dwarf5=""
if [ "$1" = "-dwarf-5" ]; then
dwarf5="$1"
shift
fi
if test $# != 1; then
echo "usage: $myname [-dwarf-5] FILE" 1>&2
exit 1
fi
file="$1"
if test -L "$file"; then
if ! command -v readlink >/dev/null 2>&1; then
echo "$myname: 'readlink' missing. Failed to follow symlink $1." 1>&2
exit 1
fi
# Count number of links followed in order to detect loops.
count=0
while test -L "$file"; do
target=$(readlink "$file")
case "$target" in
/*)
file="$target"
;;
*)
file="$(dirname "$file")/$target"
;;
esac
count="$((count + 1))"
if test "$count" -gt 10; then
echo "$myname: Detected loop while following link $file"
exit 1
fi
done
fi
if test ! -r "$file"; then
echo "$myname: unable to access: $file" 1>&2
exit 1
fi
dir="${file%/*}"
test "$dir" = "$file" && dir="."
dwz_file=""
if $READELF -S "$file" | grep -q " \.gnu_debugaltlink "; then
dwz_file=$($READELF --string-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink "$file" \
| grep -A1 "'\.gnu_debugaltlink':" \
| tail -n +2 \
| sed 's/.*]//')
dwz_file=$(echo $dwz_file)
if $READELF -S "$dwz_file" | grep -E -q " \.(gdb_index|debug_names) "; then
# Already has an index, skip it.
dwz_file=""
fi
fi
set_files ()
{
fpath="$1"
index4="${fpath}.gdb-index"
index5="${fpath}.debug_names"
debugstr="${fpath}.debug_str"
debugstrmerge="${fpath}.debug_str.merge"
debugstrerr="${fpath}.debug_str.err"
}
tmp_files=
for f in "$file" "$dwz_file"; do
if [ "$f" = "" ]; then
continue
fi
set_files "$f"
tmp_files="$tmp_files $index4 $index5 $debugstr $debugstrmerge $debugstrerr"
done
rm -f $tmp_files
# Ensure intermediate index file is removed when we exit.
trap "rm -f $tmp_files" 0
$GDB --batch -nx -iex 'set auto-load no' \
-iex 'set debuginfod enabled off' \
-ex "file '$file'" -ex "save gdb-index $dwarf5 '$dir'" || {
# Just in case.
status=$?
echo "$myname: gdb error generating index for $file" 1>&2
exit $status
}
# In some situations gdb can exit without creating an index. This is
# not an error.
# E.g., if $file is stripped. This behavior is akin to stripping an
# already stripped binary, it's a no-op.
status=0
handle_file ()
{
fpath="$1"
set_files "$fpath"
if test -f "$index4" -a -f "$index5"; then
echo "$myname: Both index types were created for $fpath" 1>&2
status=1
elif test -f "$index4" -o -f "$index5"; then
if test -f "$index4"; then
index="$index4"
section=".gdb_index"
else
index="$index5"
section=".debug_names"
fi
if test -s "$debugstr"; then
if ! $OBJCOPY --dump-section .debug_str="$debugstrmerge" "$fpath" \
/dev/null 2> "$debugstrerr"; then
cat >&2 "$debugstrerr"
exit 1
fi
cat "$debugstr" >>"$debugstrmerge"
if grep -q "can't dump section '.debug_str' - it does not exist" \
"$debugstrerr"; then
$OBJCOPY --add-section $section="$index" \
--set-section-flags $section=readonly \
--add-section .debug_str="$debugstrmerge" \
--set-section-flags .debug_str=readonly \
"$fpath" "$fpath"
else
$OBJCOPY --add-section $section="$index" \
--set-section-flags $section=readonly \
--update-section .debug_str="$debugstrmerge" \
"$fpath" "$fpath"
fi
else
$OBJCOPY --add-section $section="$index" \
--set-section-flags $section=readonly \
"$fpath" "$fpath"
fi
status=$?
else
echo "$myname: No index was created for $fpath" 1>&2
echo "$myname: [Was there no debuginfo? Was there already an index?]" \
1>&2
fi
}
handle_file "$file"
if [ "$dwz_file" != "" ]; then
handle_file "$dwz_file"
fi
exit $status

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#!/usr/bin/env bash
# Copyright (C) 2024-2025 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
# the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or
# (at your option) any later version.
#
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
# GNU General Public License for more details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
# along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
# Print a stack trace of a running process.
# Similar to the gcore command, but instead of creating a core file,
# we simply have gdb print out the stack backtrace to the terminal.
GDB=${GDB:-$(command -v gdb)}
GDBARGS=${GDBARGS:-}
AWK=${AWK:-}
PKGVERSION="(xPack GNU RISC-V Embedded GCC x86_64) "
VERSION="16.3"
# Find an appropriate awk interpreter if one was not specified
# via the environment.
awk_prog=""
if [ -z "$AWK" ]; then
for prog in gawk mawk nawk awk; do
awk_prog=$(command -v $prog)
test -n "$awk_prog" && break
done
AWK="$awk_prog"
fi
if [ ! -x "$AWK" ]; then
echo "$0: could not find usable awk interpreter" 1>&2
exit 2
fi
function print_usage() {
echo "Usage: $0 [-h|--help] [-v|--version] PID"
}
function print_try_help() {
echo "Try '$0 --help' for more information."
}
function print_help() {
print_usage
echo "Print a stack trace of a running program"
echo
echo " -h, --help Print this message then exit."
echo " -v, --version Print version information then exit."
}
function print_version() {
echo "GNU gstack (${PKGVERSION}) ${VERSION}"
}
# Parse options.
while getopts hv-: OPT; do
if [ "$OPT" = "-" ]; then
OPT="${OPTARG%%=*}"
OPTARG="${OPTARG#'$OPT'}"
OPTARG="${OPTARG#=}"
fi
case "$OPT" in
h | help)
print_help
exit 0
;;
v | version)
print_version
exit 0
;;
\?)
# getopts has already output an error message.
print_try_help 1>&2
exit 2 ;;
*)
echo "$0: unrecognized option '--$OPT'" 1>&2
print_try_help 1>&2
exit 2
;;
esac
done
shift $((OPTIND-1))
# The sole remaining argument should be the PID of the process
# whose backtrace is desired.
if [ $# -ne 1 ]; then
print_usage 1>&2
exit 1
fi
PID=$1
awk_script=$(cat << EOF
BEGIN {
first=1
attach_okay=0
}
/ATTACHED/ {
attach_okay=1
}
/^#/ {
if (attach_okay) {
print \$0
}
}
/^Thread/ {
if (attach_okay) {
if (first == 0)
print ""
first=0
print \$0
}
}
END {
if (attach_okay == 0)
exit 2
}
EOF
)
# Run GDB and remove some unwanted noise.
"$GDB" --quiet -nx $GDBARGS <<EOF |
set width 0
set height 0
set pagination no
set debuginfod enabled off
define attach-bt
attach \$arg0
echo "ATTACHED"
thread apply all bt
end
attach-bt $PID
EOF
$AWK -- "$awk_script"

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#!/usr/bin/env bash
# Copyright (C) 2024-2025 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
# the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or
# (at your option) any later version.
#
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
# GNU General Public License for more details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
# along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
# Print a stack trace of a running process.
# Similar to the gcore command, but instead of creating a core file,
# we simply have gdb print out the stack backtrace to the terminal.
GDB=${GDB:-$(command -v gdb)}
GDBARGS=${GDBARGS:-}
AWK=${AWK:-}
PKGVERSION="(xPack GNU RISC-V Embedded GCC x86_64) "
VERSION="16.3"
# Find an appropriate awk interpreter if one was not specified
# via the environment.
awk_prog=""
if [ -z "$AWK" ]; then
for prog in gawk mawk nawk awk; do
awk_prog=$(command -v $prog)
test -n "$awk_prog" && break
done
AWK="$awk_prog"
fi
if [ ! -x "$AWK" ]; then
echo "$0: could not find usable awk interpreter" 1>&2
exit 2
fi
function print_usage() {
echo "Usage: $0 [-h|--help] [-v|--version] PID"
}
function print_try_help() {
echo "Try '$0 --help' for more information."
}
function print_help() {
print_usage
echo "Print a stack trace of a running program"
echo
echo " -h, --help Print this message then exit."
echo " -v, --version Print version information then exit."
}
function print_version() {
echo "GNU gstack (${PKGVERSION}) ${VERSION}"
}
# Parse options.
while getopts hv-: OPT; do
if [ "$OPT" = "-" ]; then
OPT="${OPTARG%%=*}"
OPTARG="${OPTARG#'$OPT'}"
OPTARG="${OPTARG#=}"
fi
case "$OPT" in
h | help)
print_help
exit 0
;;
v | version)
print_version
exit 0
;;
\?)
# getopts has already output an error message.
print_try_help 1>&2
exit 2 ;;
*)
echo "$0: unrecognized option '--$OPT'" 1>&2
print_try_help 1>&2
exit 2
;;
esac
done
shift $((OPTIND-1))
# The sole remaining argument should be the PID of the process
# whose backtrace is desired.
if [ $# -ne 1 ]; then
print_usage 1>&2
exit 1
fi
PID=$1
awk_script=$(cat << EOF
BEGIN {
first=1
attach_okay=0
}
/ATTACHED/ {
attach_okay=1
}
/^#/ {
if (attach_okay) {
print \$0
}
}
/^Thread/ {
if (attach_okay) {
if (first == 0)
print ""
first=0
print \$0
}
}
END {
if (attach_okay == 0)
exit 2
}
EOF
)
# Run GDB and remove some unwanted noise.
"$GDB" --quiet -nx $GDBARGS <<EOF |
set width 0
set height 0
set pagination no
set debuginfod enabled off
define attach-bt
attach \$arg0
echo "ATTACHED"
thread apply all bt
end
attach-bt $PID
EOF
$AWK -- "$awk_script"

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GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
Version 2, June 1991
Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
Preamble
The licenses for most software are designed to take away your
freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public
License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free
software--to make sure the software is free for all its users. This
General Public License applies to most of the Free Software
Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to
using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by
the GNU Library General Public License instead.) You can apply it to
your programs, too.
When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you
have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for
this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it
if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it
in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things.
To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid
anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights.
These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you
distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it.
For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether
gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that
you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the
source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their
rights.
We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and
(2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy,
distribute and/or modify the software.
Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain
that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free
software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we
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Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software
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The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and
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GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION
0. This License applies to any program or other work which contains
a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed
under the terms of this General Public License. The "Program", below,
refers to any such program or work, and a "work based on the Program"
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Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not
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Whether that is true depends on what the Program does.
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when run, you must cause it, when started running for such
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announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a
notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide
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the Program is not required to print an announcement.)
These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If
identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program,
and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in
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9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions
of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will
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Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program
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10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free
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NO WARRANTY
11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY
FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN
OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES
PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED
OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS
TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE
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WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR
REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES,
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END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
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convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
<one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.>
Copyright (C) <year> <name of author>
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
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the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
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This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this
when it starts in an interactive mode:
Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) year name of author
Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate
parts of the General Public License. Of course, the commands you use may
be called something other than `show w' and `show c'; they could even be
mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your program.
You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your
school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if
necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names:
Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program
`Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker.
<signature of Ty Coon>, 1 April 1989
Ty Coon, President of Vice
This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into
proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may
consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the
library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General
Public License instead of this License.

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@@ -0,0 +1,482 @@
GNU LIBRARY GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
Version 2, June 1991
Copyright (C) 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
[This is the first released version of the library GPL. It is
numbered 2 because it goes with version 2 of the ordinary GPL.]
Preamble
The licenses for most software are designed to take away your
freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public
Licenses are intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change
free software--to make sure the software is free for all its users.
This license, the Library General Public License, applies to some
specially designated Free Software Foundation software, and to any
other libraries whose authors decide to use it. You can use it for
your libraries, too.
When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you
have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for
this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it
if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it
in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things.
To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid
anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights.
These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if
you distribute copies of the library, or if you modify it.
For example, if you distribute copies of the library, whether gratis
or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that we gave
you. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the source
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Our method of protecting your rights has two steps: (1) copyright
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END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
Appendix: How to Apply These Terms to Your New Libraries
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This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
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Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your
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necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names:
Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the
library `Frob' (a library for tweaking knobs) written by James Random Hacker.
<signature of Ty Coon>, 1 April 1990
Ty Coon, President of Vice
That's all there is to it!

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@@ -0,0 +1,674 @@
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To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest
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Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short
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This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
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The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate
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might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an "about box".
You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school,
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For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see
<http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program
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may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with
the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General
Public License instead of this License. But first, please read
<http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html>.

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GNU LESSER GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
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Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
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The "Minimal Corresponding Source" for a Combined Work means the
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The "Corresponding Application Code" for a Combined Work means the
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Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the
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Library.

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@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
README for GNU development tools
This directory contains various GNU compilers, assemblers, linkers,
debuggers, etc., plus their support routines, definitions, and documentation.
If you are receiving this as part of a GDB release, see the file gdb/README.
If with a binutils release, see binutils/README; if with a libg++ release,
see libg++/README, etc. That'll give you info about this
package -- supported targets, how to use it, how to report bugs, etc.
It is now possible to automatically configure and build a variety of
tools with one command. To build all of the tools contained herein,
run the ``configure'' script here, e.g.:
./configure
make
To install them (by default in /usr/local/bin, /usr/local/lib, etc),
then do:
make install
(If the configure script can't determine your type of computer, give it
the name as an argument, for instance ``./configure sun4''. You can
use the script ``config.sub'' to test whether a name is recognized; if
it is, config.sub translates it to a triplet specifying CPU, vendor,
and OS.)
If you have more than one compiler on your system, it is often best to
explicitly set CC in the environment before running configure, and to
also set CC when running make. For example (assuming sh/bash/ksh):
CC=gcc ./configure
make
A similar example using csh:
setenv CC gcc
./configure
make
Much of the code and documentation enclosed is copyright by
the Free Software Foundation, Inc. See the file COPYING or
COPYING.LIB in the various directories, for a description of the
GNU General Public License terms under which you can copy the files.
REPORTING BUGS: Again, see gdb/README, binutils/README, etc., for info
on where and how to report problems.

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@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
Notes on enabling maintainer mode
Note that if you configure with --enable-maintainer-mode, you will need
special versions of automake, autoconf, libtool and gettext. You will
find the sources for these in the respective upstream directories:
https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/autoconf
https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/automake
https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/libtool
https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gettext
The required versions of the tools for this tree are:
autoconf 2.69
automake 1.15.1
libtool 2.2.6
gettext 0.16.1
Note - "make distclean" does not work with maintainer mode enabled.
The Makefiles in the some of the po/ subdirectories depend upon the
Makefiles in their parent directories, and distclean will delete the
Makefiles in the parent directories before running the Makefiles in
the child directories. There is no easy way around this (short of
changing the automake macros) as these dependencies need to exist in
order to correctly build the NLS files.
When running the testsuites a minimum version of dejagnu is also needed.
Dejagnu can be found here:
https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/dejagnu/
The minimum version required is:
dejagnu 1.5.3

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------------------------------------------------------------------
This file is part of bzip2/libbzip2, a program and library for
lossless, block-sorting data compression.
bzip2/libbzip2 version 1.0.8 of 13 July 2019
Copyright (C) 1996-2019 Julian Seward <jseward@acm.org>
Please read the WARNING, DISCLAIMER and PATENTS sections in the
README file.
This program is released under the terms of the license contained
in the file LICENSE.
------------------------------------------------------------------
0.9.0
~~~~~
First version.
0.9.0a
~~~~~~
Removed 'ranlib' from Makefile, since most modern Unix-es
don't need it, or even know about it.
0.9.0b
~~~~~~
Fixed a problem with error reporting in bzip2.c. This does not effect
the library in any way. Problem is: versions 0.9.0 and 0.9.0a (of the
program proper) compress and decompress correctly, but give misleading
error messages (internal panics) when an I/O error occurs, instead of
reporting the problem correctly. This shouldn't give any data loss
(as far as I can see), but is confusing.
Made the inline declarations disappear for non-GCC compilers.
0.9.0c
~~~~~~
Fixed some problems in the library pertaining to some boundary cases.
This makes the library behave more correctly in those situations. The
fixes apply only to features (calls and parameters) not used by
bzip2.c, so the non-fixedness of them in previous versions has no
effect on reliability of bzip2.c.
In bzlib.c:
* made zero-length BZ_FLUSH work correctly in bzCompress().
* fixed bzWrite/bzRead to ignore zero-length requests.
* fixed bzread to correctly handle read requests after EOF.
* wrong parameter order in call to bzDecompressInit in
bzBuffToBuffDecompress. Fixed.
In compress.c:
* changed setting of nGroups in sendMTFValues() so as to
do a bit better on small files. This _does_ effect
bzip2.c.
0.9.5a
~~~~~~
Major change: add a fallback sorting algorithm (blocksort.c)
to give reasonable behaviour even for very repetitive inputs.
Nuked --repetitive-best and --repetitive-fast since they are
no longer useful.
Minor changes: mostly a whole bunch of small changes/
bugfixes in the driver (bzip2.c). Changes pertaining to the
user interface are:
allow decompression of symlink'd files to stdout
decompress/test files even without .bz2 extension
give more accurate error messages for I/O errors
when compressing/decompressing to stdout, don't catch control-C
read flags from BZIP2 and BZIP environment variables
decline to break hard links to a file unless forced with -f
allow -c flag even with no filenames
preserve file ownerships as far as possible
make -s -1 give the expected block size (100k)
add a flag -q --quiet to suppress nonessential warnings
stop decoding flags after --, so files beginning in - can be handled
resolved inconsistent naming: bzcat or bz2cat ?
bzip2 --help now returns 0
Programming-level changes are:
fixed syntax error in GET_LL4 for Borland C++ 5.02
let bzBuffToBuffDecompress return BZ_DATA_ERROR{_MAGIC}
fix overshoot of mode-string end in bzopen_or_bzdopen
wrapped bzlib.h in #ifdef __cplusplus ... extern "C" { ... }
close file handles under all error conditions
added minor mods so it compiles with DJGPP out of the box
fixed Makefile so it doesn't give problems with BSD make
fix uninitialised memory reads in dlltest.c
0.9.5b
~~~~~~
Open stdin/stdout in binary mode for DJGPP.
0.9.5c
~~~~~~
Changed BZ_N_OVERSHOOT to be ... + 2 instead of ... + 1. The + 1
version could cause the sorted order to be wrong in some extremely
obscure cases. Also changed setting of quadrant in blocksort.c.
0.9.5d
~~~~~~
The only functional change is to make bzlibVersion() in the library
return the correct string. This has no effect whatsoever on the
functioning of the bzip2 program or library. Added a couple of casts
so the library compiles without warnings at level 3 in MS Visual
Studio 6.0. Included a Y2K statement in the file Y2K_INFO. All other
changes are minor documentation changes.
1.0
~~~
Several minor bugfixes and enhancements:
* Large file support. The library uses 64-bit counters to
count the volume of data passing through it. bzip2.c
is now compiled with -D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64 to get large
file support from the C library. -v correctly prints out
file sizes greater than 4 gigabytes. All these changes have
been made without assuming a 64-bit platform or a C compiler
which supports 64-bit ints, so, except for the C library
aspect, they are fully portable.
* Decompression robustness. The library/program should be
robust to any corruption of compressed data, detecting and
handling _all_ corruption, instead of merely relying on
the CRCs. What this means is that the program should
never crash, given corrupted data, and the library should
always return BZ_DATA_ERROR.
* Fixed an obscure race-condition bug only ever observed on
Solaris, in which, if you were very unlucky and issued
control-C at exactly the wrong time, both input and output
files would be deleted.
* Don't run out of file handles on test/decompression when
large numbers of files have invalid magic numbers.
* Avoid library namespace pollution. Prefix all exported
symbols with BZ2_.
* Minor sorting enhancements from my DCC2000 paper.
* Advance the version number to 1.0, so as to counteract the
(false-in-this-case) impression some people have that programs
with version numbers less than 1.0 are in some way, experimental,
pre-release versions.
* Create an initial Makefile-libbz2_so to build a shared library.
Yes, I know I should really use libtool et al ...
* Make the program exit with 2 instead of 0 when decompression
fails due to a bad magic number (ie, an invalid bzip2 header).
Also exit with 1 (as the manual claims :-) whenever a diagnostic
message would have been printed AND the corresponding operation
is aborted, for example
bzip2: Output file xx already exists.
When a diagnostic message is printed but the operation is not
aborted, for example
bzip2: Can't guess original name for wurble -- using wurble.out
then the exit value 0 is returned, unless some other problem is
also detected.
I think it corresponds more closely to what the manual claims now.
1.0.1
~~~~~
* Modified dlltest.c so it uses the new BZ2_ naming scheme.
* Modified makefile-msc to fix minor build probs on Win2k.
* Updated README.COMPILATION.PROBLEMS.
There are no functionality changes or bug fixes relative to version
1.0.0. This is just a documentation update + a fix for minor Win32
build problems. For almost everyone, upgrading from 1.0.0 to 1.0.1 is
utterly pointless. Don't bother.
1.0.2
~~~~~
A bug fix release, addressing various minor issues which have appeared
in the 18 or so months since 1.0.1 was released. Most of the fixes
are to do with file-handling or documentation bugs. To the best of my
knowledge, there have been no data-loss-causing bugs reported in the
compression/decompression engine of 1.0.0 or 1.0.1.
Note that this release does not improve the rather crude build system
for Unix platforms. The general plan here is to autoconfiscate/
libtoolise 1.0.2 soon after release, and release the result as 1.1.0
or perhaps 1.2.0. That, however, is still just a plan at this point.
Here are the changes in 1.0.2. Bug-reporters and/or patch-senders in
parentheses.
* Fix an infinite segfault loop in 1.0.1 when a directory is
encountered in -f (force) mode.
(Trond Eivind Glomsrod, Nicholas Nethercote, Volker Schmidt)
* Avoid double fclose() of output file on certain I/O error paths.
(Solar Designer)
* Don't fail with internal error 1007 when fed a long stream (> 48MB)
of byte 251. Also print useful message suggesting that 1007s may be
caused by bad memory.
(noticed by Juan Pedro Vallejo, fixed by me)
* Fix uninitialised variable silly bug in demo prog dlltest.c.
(Jorj Bauer)
* Remove 512-MB limitation on recovered file size for bzip2recover
on selected platforms which support 64-bit ints. At the moment
all GCC supported platforms, and Win32.
(me, Alson van der Meulen)
* Hard-code header byte values, to give correct operation on platforms
using EBCDIC as their native character set (IBM's OS/390).
(Leland Lucius)
* Copy file access times correctly.
(Marty Leisner)
* Add distclean and check targets to Makefile.
(Michael Carmack)
* Parameterise use of ar and ranlib in Makefile. Also add $(LDFLAGS).
(Rich Ireland, Bo Thorsen)
* Pass -p (create parent dirs as needed) to mkdir during make install.
(Jeremy Fusco)
* Dereference symlinks when copying file permissions in -f mode.
(Volker Schmidt)
* Majorly simplify implementation of uInt64_qrm10.
(Bo Lindbergh)
* Check the input file still exists before deleting the output one,
when aborting in cleanUpAndFail().
(Joerg Prante, Robert Linden, Matthias Krings)
Also a bunch of patches courtesy of Philippe Troin, the Debian maintainer
of bzip2:
* Wrapper scripts (with manpages): bzdiff, bzgrep, bzmore.
* Spelling changes and minor enhancements in bzip2.1.
* Avoid race condition between creating the output file and setting its
interim permissions safely, by using fopen_output_safely().
No changes to bzip2recover since there is no issue with file
permissions there.
* do not print senseless report with -v when compressing an empty
file.
* bzcat -f works on non-bzip2 files.
* do not try to escape shell meta-characters on unix (the shell takes
care of these).
* added --fast and --best aliases for -1 -9 for gzip compatibility.
1.0.3 (15 Feb 05)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Fixes some minor bugs since the last version, 1.0.2.
* Further robustification against corrupted compressed data.
There are currently no known bitstreams which can cause the
decompressor to crash, loop or access memory which does not
belong to it. If you are using bzip2 or the library to
decompress bitstreams from untrusted sources, an upgrade
to 1.0.3 is recommended. This fixes CAN-2005-1260.
* The documentation has been converted to XML, from which html
and pdf can be derived.
* Various minor bugs in the documentation have been fixed.
* Fixes for various compilation warnings with newer versions of
gcc, and on 64-bit platforms.
* The BZ_NO_STDIO cpp symbol was not properly observed in 1.0.2.
This has been fixed.
1.0.4 (20 Dec 06)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Fixes some minor bugs since the last version, 1.0.3.
* Fix file permissions race problem (CAN-2005-0953).
* Avoid possible segfault in BZ2_bzclose. From Coverity's NetBSD
scan.
* 'const'/prototype cleanups in the C code.
* Change default install location to /usr/local, and handle multiple
'make install's without error.
* Sanitise file names more carefully in bzgrep. Fixes CAN-2005-0758
to the extent that applies to bzgrep.
* Use 'mktemp' rather than 'tempfile' in bzdiff.
* Tighten up a couple of assertions in blocksort.c following automated
analysis.
* Fix minor doc/comment bugs.
1.0.5 (10 Dec 07)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Security fix only. Fixes CERT-FI 20469 as it applies to bzip2.
1.0.6 (6 Sept 10)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* Security fix for CVE-2010-0405. This was reported by Mikolaj
Izdebski.
* Make the documentation build on Ubuntu 10.04
1.0.7 (27 Jun 19)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* Fix undefined behavior in the macros SET_BH, CLEAR_BH, & ISSET_BH
* bzip2: Fix return value when combining --test,-t and -q.
* bzip2recover: Fix buffer overflow for large argv[0]
* bzip2recover: Fix use after free issue with outFile (CVE-2016-3189)
* Make sure nSelectors is not out of range (CVE-2019-12900)
1.0.8 (13 Jul 19)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* Accept as many selectors as the file format allows.
This relaxes the fix for CVE-2019-12900 from 1.0.7
so that bzip2 allows decompression of bz2 files that
use (too) many selectors again.
* Fix handling of large (> 4GB) files on Windows.
* Cleanup of bzdiff and bzgrep scripts so they don't use
any bash extensions and handle multiple archives correctly.
* There is now a bz2-files testsuite at
https://sourceware.org/git/bzip2-tests.git

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@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
This program, "bzip2", the associated library "libbzip2", and all
documentation, are copyright (C) 1996-2019 Julian R Seward. All
rights reserved.
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
are met:
1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
2. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must
not claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this
software in a product, an acknowledgment in the product
documentation would be appreciated but is not required.
3. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must
not be misrepresented as being the original software.
4. The name of the author may not be used to endorse or promote
products derived from this software without specific prior written
permission.
THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS
OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY
DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE
GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY,
WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING
NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
Julian Seward, jseward@acm.org
bzip2/libbzip2 version 1.0.8 of 13 July 2019
--------------------------------------------------------------------------

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@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
This is the README for bzip2/libzip2.
This version is fully compatible with the previous public releases.
------------------------------------------------------------------
This file is part of bzip2/libbzip2, a program and library for
lossless, block-sorting data compression.
bzip2/libbzip2 version 1.0.8 of 13 July 2019
Copyright (C) 1996-2019 Julian Seward <jseward@acm.org>
Please read the WARNING, DISCLAIMER and PATENTS sections in this file.
This program is released under the terms of the license contained
in the file LICENSE.
------------------------------------------------------------------
Complete documentation is available in Postscript form (manual.ps),
PDF (manual.pdf) or html (manual.html). A plain-text version of the
manual page is available as bzip2.txt.
HOW TO BUILD -- UNIX
Type 'make'. This builds the library libbz2.a and then the programs
bzip2 and bzip2recover. Six self-tests are run. If the self-tests
complete ok, carry on to installation:
To install in /usr/local/bin, /usr/local/lib, /usr/local/man and
/usr/local/include, type
make install
To install somewhere else, eg, /xxx/yyy/{bin,lib,man,include}, type
make install PREFIX=/xxx/yyy
If you are (justifiably) paranoid and want to see what 'make install'
is going to do, you can first do
make -n install or
make -n install PREFIX=/xxx/yyy respectively.
The -n instructs make to show the commands it would execute, but not
actually execute them.
HOW TO BUILD -- UNIX, shared library libbz2.so.
Do 'make -f Makefile-libbz2_so'. This Makefile seems to work for
Linux-ELF (RedHat 7.2 on an x86 box), with gcc. I make no claims
that it works for any other platform, though I suspect it probably
will work for most platforms employing both ELF and gcc.
bzip2-shared, a client of the shared library, is also built, but not
self-tested. So I suggest you also build using the normal Makefile,
since that conducts a self-test. A second reason to prefer the
version statically linked to the library is that, on x86 platforms,
building shared objects makes a valuable register (%ebx) unavailable
to gcc, resulting in a slowdown of 10%-20%, at least for bzip2.
Important note for people upgrading .so's from 0.9.0/0.9.5 to version
1.0.X. All the functions in the library have been renamed, from (eg)
bzCompress to BZ2_bzCompress, to avoid namespace pollution.
Unfortunately this means that the libbz2.so created by
Makefile-libbz2_so will not work with any program which used an older
version of the library. I do encourage library clients to make the
effort to upgrade to use version 1.0, since it is both faster and more
robust than previous versions.
HOW TO BUILD -- Windows 95, NT, DOS, Mac, etc.
It's difficult for me to support compilation on all these platforms.
My approach is to collect binaries for these platforms, and put them
on the master web site (https://sourceware.org/bzip2/). Look there. However
(FWIW), bzip2-1.0.X is very standard ANSI C and should compile
unmodified with MS Visual C. If you have difficulties building, you
might want to read README.COMPILATION.PROBLEMS.
At least using MS Visual C++ 6, you can build from the unmodified
sources by issuing, in a command shell:
nmake -f makefile.msc
(you may need to first run the MSVC-provided script VCVARS32.BAT
so as to set up paths to the MSVC tools correctly).
VALIDATION
Correct operation, in the sense that a compressed file can always be
decompressed to reproduce the original, is obviously of paramount
importance. To validate bzip2, I used a modified version of Mark
Nelson's churn program. Churn is an automated test driver which
recursively traverses a directory structure, using bzip2 to compress
and then decompress each file it encounters, and checking that the
decompressed data is the same as the original.
Please read and be aware of the following:
WARNING:
This program and library (attempts to) compress data by
performing several non-trivial transformations on it.
Unless you are 100% familiar with *all* the algorithms
contained herein, and with the consequences of modifying them,
you should NOT meddle with the compression or decompression
machinery. Incorrect changes can and very likely *will*
lead to disastrous loss of data.
DISCLAIMER:
I TAKE NO RESPONSIBILITY FOR ANY LOSS OF DATA ARISING FROM THE
USE OF THIS PROGRAM/LIBRARY, HOWSOEVER CAUSED.
Every compression of a file implies an assumption that the
compressed file can be decompressed to reproduce the original.
Great efforts in design, coding and testing have been made to
ensure that this program works correctly. However, the complexity
of the algorithms, and, in particular, the presence of various
special cases in the code which occur with very low but non-zero
probability make it impossible to rule out the possibility of bugs
remaining in the program. DO NOT COMPRESS ANY DATA WITH THIS
PROGRAM UNLESS YOU ARE PREPARED TO ACCEPT THE POSSIBILITY, HOWEVER
SMALL, THAT THE DATA WILL NOT BE RECOVERABLE.
That is not to say this program is inherently unreliable.
Indeed, I very much hope the opposite is true. bzip2/libbzip2
has been carefully constructed and extensively tested.
PATENTS:
To the best of my knowledge, bzip2/libbzip2 does not use any
patented algorithms. However, I do not have the resources
to carry out a patent search. Therefore I cannot give any
guarantee of the above statement.
WHAT'S NEW IN 0.9.0 (as compared to 0.1pl2) ?
* Approx 10% faster compression, 30% faster decompression
* -t (test mode) is a lot quicker
* Can decompress concatenated compressed files
* Programming interface, so programs can directly read/write .bz2 files
* Less restrictive (BSD-style) licensing
* Flag handling more compatible with GNU gzip
* Much more documentation, i.e., a proper user manual
* Hopefully, improved portability (at least of the library)
WHAT'S NEW IN 0.9.5 ?
* Compression speed is much less sensitive to the input
data than in previous versions. Specifically, the very
slow performance caused by repetitive data is fixed.
* Many small improvements in file and flag handling.
* A Y2K statement.
WHAT'S NEW IN 1.0.x ?
See the CHANGES file.
I hope you find bzip2 useful. Feel free to contact the developers at
bzip2-devel@sourceware.org
if you have any suggestions or queries. Many people mailed me with
comments, suggestions and patches after the releases of bzip-0.15,
bzip-0.21, and bzip2 versions 0.1pl2, 0.9.0, 0.9.5, 1.0.0, 1.0.1,
1.0.2 and 1.0.3, and the changes in bzip2 are largely a result of this
feedback. I thank you for your comments.
bzip2's "home" is https://sourceware.org/bzip2/
Julian Seward
jseward@acm.org
Cambridge, UK.
18 July 1996 (version 0.15)
25 August 1996 (version 0.21)
7 August 1997 (bzip2, version 0.1)
29 August 1997 (bzip2, version 0.1pl2)
23 August 1998 (bzip2, version 0.9.0)
8 June 1999 (bzip2, version 0.9.5)
4 Sept 1999 (bzip2, version 0.9.5d)
5 May 2000 (bzip2, version 1.0pre8)
30 December 2001 (bzip2, version 1.0.2pre1)
15 February 2005 (bzip2, version 1.0.3)
20 December 2006 (bzip2, version 1.0.4)
10 December 2007 (bzip2, version 1.0.5)
6 Sept 2010 (bzip2, version 1.0.6)
27 June 2019 (bzip2, version 1.0.7)
13 July 2019 (bzip2, version 1.0.8)

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@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
------------------------------------------------------------------
This file is part of bzip2/libbzip2, a program and library for
lossless, block-sorting data compression.
bzip2/libbzip2 version 1.0.8 of 13 July 2019
Copyright (C) 1996-2019 Julian Seward <jseward@acm.org>
Please read the WARNING, DISCLAIMER and PATENTS sections in the
README file.
This program is released under the terms of the license contained
in the file LICENSE.
------------------------------------------------------------------
bzip2 should compile without problems on the vast majority of
platforms. Using the supplied Makefile, I've built and tested it
myself for x86-linux and amd64-linux. With makefile.msc, Visual C++
6.0 and nmake, you can build a native Win32 version too. Large file
support seems to work correctly on at least on amd64-linux.
When I say "large file" I mean a file of size 2,147,483,648 (2^31)
bytes or above. Many older OSs can't handle files above this size,
but many newer ones can. Large files are pretty huge -- most files
you'll encounter are not Large Files.
Early versions of bzip2 (0.1, 0.9.0, 0.9.5) compiled on a wide variety
of platforms without difficulty, and I hope this version will continue
in that tradition. However, in order to support large files, I've had
to include the define -D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64 in the Makefile. This
can cause problems.
The technique of adding -D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64 to get large file
support is, as far as I know, the Recommended Way to get correct large
file support. For more details, see the Large File Support
Specification, published by the Large File Summit, at
http://ftp.sas.com/standards/large.file
As a general comment, if you get compilation errors which you think
are related to large file support, try removing the above define from
the Makefile, ie, delete the line
BIGFILES=-D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64
from the Makefile, and do 'make clean ; make'. This will give you a
version of bzip2 without large file support, which, for most
applications, is probably not a problem.
Alternatively, try some of the platform-specific hints listed below.
You can use the spewG.c program to generate huge files to test bzip2's
large file support, if you are feeling paranoid. Be aware though that
any compilation problems which affect bzip2 will also affect spewG.c,
alas.
AIX: I have reports that for large file support, you need to specify
-D_LARGE_FILES rather than -D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64. I have not tested
this myself.

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----------------------------------------------------------------
This file is part of bzip2/libbzip2, a program and library for
lossless, block-sorting data compression.
bzip2/libbzip2 version 1.0.8 of 13 July 2019
Copyright (C) 1996-2019 Julian Seward <jseward@acm.org>
Please read the WARNING, DISCLAIMER and PATENTS sections in the
README file.
This program is released under the terms of the license contained
in the file LICENSE.
----------------------------------------------------------------
The script xmlproc.sh takes an xml file as input,
and processes it to create .pdf, .html or .ps output.
It uses format.pl, a perl script to format <pre> blocks nicely,
and add CDATA tags so writers do not have to use eg. &lt;
The file "entities.xml" must be edited to reflect current
version, year, etc.
Usage:
./xmlproc.sh -v manual.xml
Validates an xml file to ensure no dtd-compliance errors
./xmlproc.sh -html manual.xml
Output: manual.html
./xmlproc.sh -pdf manual.xml
Output: manual.pdf
./xmlproc.sh -ps manual.xml
Output: manual.ps
Notum bene:
- pdfxmltex barfs if given a filename with an underscore in it
- xmltex won't work yet - there's a bug in passivetex
which we are all waiting for Sebastian to fix.
So we are going the xml -> pdf -> ps route for the time being,
using pdfxmltex.

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Expat is brought to you by:
Clark Cooper
Fred L. Drake, Jr.
Greg Stein
James Clark
Karl Waclawek
Rhodri James
Sebastian Pipping
Steven Solie

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@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
== How to build expat with cmake (experimental) ==
The cmake based buildsystem for expat works on Windows (cygwin, mingw, Visual
Studio) and should work on all other platform cmake supports.
Assuming ~/expat-2.7.3 is the source directory of expat, add a subdirectory
build and change into that directory:
~/expat-2.7.3$ mkdir build && cd build
~/expat-2.7.3/build$
From that directory, call cmake first, then call make, make test and
make install in the usual way:
~/expat-2.7.3/build$ cmake ..
-- The C compiler identification is GNU
-- The CXX compiler identification is GNU
....
-- Configuring done
-- Generating done
-- Build files have been written to: /home/patrick/expat-2.7.3/build
If you want to specify the install location for your files, append
-DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/your/install/path to the cmake call.
~/expat-2.7.3/build$ make && make test && make install
Scanning dependencies of target expat
[ 5%] Building C object CMakeFiles/expat.dir/lib/xmlparse.c.o
[ 11%] Building C object CMakeFiles/expat.dir/lib/xmlrole.c.o
....
-- Installing: /usr/local/lib/pkgconfig/expat.pc
-- Installing: /usr/local/bin/xmlwf
-- Installing: /usr/local/share/man/man1/xmlwf.1
For Windows builds, you must make sure to call cmake from an environment where
your compiler is reachable, that means either you call it from the
Visual Studio Command Prompt or when using mingw, you must open a cmd.exe and
make sure that gcc can be called. On Windows, you also might want to specify a
special Generator for CMake:
for Visual Studio builds do:
cmake .. -G "Visual Studio 17 2022" && msbuild /m expat.sln
for mingw builds do:
cmake .. -G "MinGW Makefiles" -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=D:\expat-install
&& gmake && gmake install

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@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
Copyright (c) 1998-2000 Thai Open Source Software Center Ltd and Clark Cooper
Copyright (c) 2001-2025 Expat maintainers
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
"Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY
CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT,
TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE
SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

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@@ -0,0 +1,311 @@
[![Run Linux CI tasks](https://github.com/libexpat/libexpat/actions/workflows/linux.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/libexpat/libexpat/actions/workflows/linux.yml)
[![Packaging status](https://repology.org/badge/tiny-repos/expat.svg)](https://repology.org/metapackage/expat/versions)
[![Downloads SourceForge](https://img.shields.io/sourceforge/dt/expat?label=Downloads%20SourceForge)](https://sourceforge.net/projects/expat/files/)
[![Downloads GitHub](https://img.shields.io/github/downloads/libexpat/libexpat/total?label=Downloads%20GitHub)](https://github.com/libexpat/libexpat/releases)
[![OpenSSF Best Practices](https://www.bestpractices.dev/projects/10205/badge)](https://www.bestpractices.dev/projects/10205)
> [!CAUTION]
>
> Expat is **understaffed** and without funding.
> There is a [call for help with details](https://github.com/libexpat/libexpat/blob/master/expat/Changes)
> at the top of the `Changes` file.
# Expat, Release 2.7.3
This is Expat, a C99 library for parsing
[XML 1.0 Fourth Edition](https://www.w3.org/TR/2006/REC-xml-20060816/), started by
[James Clark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clark_%28programmer%29) in 1997.
Expat is a stream-oriented XML parser. This means that you register
handlers with the parser before starting the parse. These handlers
are called when the parser discovers the associated structures in the
document being parsed. A start tag is an example of the kind of
structures for which you may register handlers.
Expat supports the following C99 compilers:
- GNU GCC >=4.5 (for use from C) or GNU GCC >=4.8.1 (for use from C++)
- LLVM Clang >=3.5
- Microsoft Visual Studio >=17.0/2022
(the oldest version supported by the [official GitHub Actions Windows images](https://github.com/actions/runner-images))
Windows users can use the
[`expat-win32bin-*.*.*.{exe,zip}` download](https://github.com/libexpat/libexpat/releases),
which includes both pre-compiled libraries and executables, and source code for
developers.
Expat is [free software](https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.en.html).
You may copy, distribute, and modify it under the terms of the License
contained in the file
[`COPYING`](https://github.com/libexpat/libexpat/blob/master/expat/COPYING)
distributed with this package.
This license is the same as the MIT/X Consortium license.
## Using libexpat in your CMake-Based Project
There are three documented ways of using libexpat with CMake:
### a) `find_package` with Module Mode
This approach leverages CMake's own [module `FindEXPAT`](https://cmake.org/cmake/help/latest/module/FindEXPAT.html).
Notice the *uppercase* `EXPAT` in the following example:
```cmake
cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.10)
project(hello VERSION 1.0.0)
find_package(EXPAT 2.2.8 MODULE REQUIRED)
add_executable(hello
hello.c
)
target_link_libraries(hello PUBLIC EXPAT::EXPAT)
```
### b) `find_package` with Config Mode
This approach requires files from…
- libexpat >=2.2.8 where packaging uses the CMake build system
or
- libexpat >=2.3.0 where packaging uses the GNU Autotools build system
on Linux
or
- libexpat >=2.4.0 where packaging uses the GNU Autotools build system
on macOS or MinGW.
Notice the *lowercase* `expat` in the following example:
```cmake
cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.10)
project(hello VERSION 1.0.0)
find_package(expat 2.2.8 CONFIG REQUIRED char dtd ns)
add_executable(hello
hello.c
)
target_link_libraries(hello PUBLIC expat::expat)
```
### c) The `FetchContent` module
This approach — as demonstrated below — requires CMake >=3.18 for both the
[`FetchContent` module](https://cmake.org/cmake/help/latest/module/FetchContent.html)
and its support for the `SOURCE_SUBDIR` option to be available.
Please note that:
- Use of the `FetchContent` module with *non-release* SHA1s or `master`
of libexpat is neither advised nor considered officially supported.
- Pinning to a specific commit is great for robust CI.
- Pinning to a specific commit needs updating every time there is a new
release of libexpat — either manually or through automation —,
to not miss out on libexpat security updates.
For an example that pulls in libexpat via Git:
```cmake
cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.18)
include(FetchContent)
project(hello VERSION 1.0.0)
FetchContent_Declare(
expat
GIT_REPOSITORY https://github.com/libexpat/libexpat/
GIT_TAG 000000000_GIT_COMMIT_SHA1_HERE_000000000 # i.e. Git tag R_X_Y_Z
SOURCE_SUBDIR expat/
)
FetchContent_MakeAvailable(expat)
add_executable(hello
hello.c
)
target_link_libraries(hello PUBLIC expat)
```
## Building from a Git Clone
If you are building Expat from a check-out from the
[Git repository](https://github.com/libexpat/libexpat/),
you need to run a script that generates the configure script using the
GNU autoconf and libtool tools. To do this, you need to have
autoconf 2.58 or newer. Run the script like this:
```console
./buildconf.sh
```
Once this has been done, follow the same instructions as for building
from a source distribution.
## Building from a Source Distribution
### a) Building with the configure script (i.e. GNU Autotools)
To build Expat from a source distribution, you first run the
configuration shell script in the top level distribution directory:
```console
./configure
```
There are many options which you may provide to configure (which you
can discover by running configure with the `--help` option). But the
one of most interest is the one that sets the installation directory.
By default, the configure script will set things up to install
libexpat into `/usr/local/lib`, `expat.h` into `/usr/local/include`, and
`xmlwf` into `/usr/local/bin`. If, for example, you'd prefer to install
into `/home/me/mystuff/lib`, `/home/me/mystuff/include`, and
`/home/me/mystuff/bin`, you can tell `configure` about that with:
```console
./configure --prefix=/home/me/mystuff
```
Another interesting option is to enable 64-bit integer support for
line and column numbers and the over-all byte index:
```console
./configure CPPFLAGS=-DXML_LARGE_SIZE
```
However, such a modification would be a breaking change to the ABI
and is therefore not recommended for general use &mdash; e.g. as part of
a Linux distribution &mdash; but rather for builds with special requirements.
After running the configure script, the `make` command will build
things and `make install` will install things into their proper
location. Have a look at the `Makefile` to learn about additional
`make` options. Note that you need to have write permission into
the directories into which things will be installed.
If you are interested in building Expat to provide document
information in UTF-16 encoding rather than the default UTF-8, follow
these instructions (after having run `make distclean`).
Please note that we configure with `--without-xmlwf` as xmlwf does not
support this mode of compilation (yet):
1. Mass-patch `Makefile.am` files to use `libexpatw.la` for a library name:
<br/>
`find . -name Makefile.am -exec sed
-e 's,libexpat\.la,libexpatw.la,'
-e 's,libexpat_la,libexpatw_la,'
-i.bak {} +`
1. Run `automake` to re-write `Makefile.in` files:<br/>
`automake`
1. For UTF-16 output as unsigned short (and version/error strings as char),
run:<br/>
`./configure CPPFLAGS=-DXML_UNICODE --without-xmlwf`<br/>
For UTF-16 output as `wchar_t` (incl. version/error strings), run:<br/>
`./configure CFLAGS="-g -O2 -fshort-wchar" CPPFLAGS=-DXML_UNICODE_WCHAR_T
--without-xmlwf`
<br/>Note: The latter requires libc compiled with `-fshort-wchar`, as well.
1. Run `make` (which excludes xmlwf).
1. Run `make install` (again, excludes xmlwf).
Using `DESTDIR` is supported. It works as follows:
```console
make install DESTDIR=/path/to/image
```
overrides the in-makefile set `DESTDIR`, because variable-setting priority is
1. commandline
1. in-makefile
1. environment
Note: This only applies to the Expat library itself, building UTF-16 versions
of xmlwf and the tests is currently not supported.
When using Expat with a project using autoconf for configuration, you
can use the probing macro in `conftools/expat.m4` to determine how to
include Expat. See the comments at the top of that file for more
information.
A reference manual is available in the file `doc/reference.html` in this
distribution.
### b) Building with CMake
The CMake build system is still *experimental* and may replace the primary
build system based on GNU Autotools at some point when it is ready.
#### Available Options
For an idea of the available (non-advanced) options for building with CMake:
```console
# rm -f CMakeCache.txt ; cmake -D_EXPAT_HELP=ON -LH . | grep -B1 ':.*=' | sed 's,^--$,,'
// Choose the type of build, options are: None Debug Release RelWithDebInfo MinSizeRel ...
CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE:STRING=
// Install path prefix, prepended onto install directories.
CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX:PATH=/usr/local
// Path to a program.
DOCBOOK_TO_MAN:FILEPATH=/usr/bin/docbook2x-man
// Build man page for xmlwf
EXPAT_BUILD_DOCS:BOOL=ON
// Build the examples for expat library
EXPAT_BUILD_EXAMPLES:BOOL=ON
// Build fuzzers for the expat library
EXPAT_BUILD_FUZZERS:BOOL=OFF
// Build pkg-config file
EXPAT_BUILD_PKGCONFIG:BOOL=ON
// Build the tests for expat library
EXPAT_BUILD_TESTS:BOOL=ON
// Build the xmlwf tool for expat library
EXPAT_BUILD_TOOLS:BOOL=ON
// Character type to use (char|ushort|wchar_t) [default=char]
EXPAT_CHAR_TYPE:STRING=char
// Install expat files in cmake install target
EXPAT_ENABLE_INSTALL:BOOL=ON
// Use /MT flag (static CRT) when compiling in MSVC
EXPAT_MSVC_STATIC_CRT:BOOL=OFF
// Build fuzzers via OSS-Fuzz for the expat library
EXPAT_OSSFUZZ_BUILD:BOOL=OFF
// Build a shared expat library
EXPAT_SHARED_LIBS:BOOL=ON
// Treat all compiler warnings as errors
EXPAT_WARNINGS_AS_ERRORS:BOOL=OFF
// Make use of getrandom function (ON|OFF|AUTO) [default=AUTO]
EXPAT_WITH_GETRANDOM:STRING=AUTO
// Utilize libbsd (for arc4random_buf)
EXPAT_WITH_LIBBSD:BOOL=OFF
// Make use of syscall SYS_getrandom (ON|OFF|AUTO) [default=AUTO]
EXPAT_WITH_SYS_GETRANDOM:STRING=AUTO
```

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GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
Version 2, June 1991
Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
Preamble
The licenses for most software are designed to take away your
freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public
License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free
software--to make sure the software is free for all its users. This
General Public License applies to most of the Free Software
Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to
using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by
the GNU Library General Public License instead.) You can apply it to
your programs, too.
When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you
have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for
this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it
if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it
in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things.
To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid
anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights.
These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you
distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it.
For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether
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How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
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Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this
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Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) year name of author
Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
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The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate
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You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your
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Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program
`Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker.
<signature of Ty Coon>, 1 April 1989
Ty Coon, President of Vice
This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into
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library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General
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View File

@@ -0,0 +1,510 @@
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How to Apply These Terms to Your New Libraries
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<signature of Ty Coon>, 1 April 1990
Ty Coon, President of Vice
That's all there is to it!

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GCC RUNTIME LIBRARY EXCEPTION
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Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. <http://fsf.org/>
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requirements of the license of GCC.

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GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
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purposes of this definition, "control" includes the right to grant
patent sublicenses in a manner consistent with the requirements of
this License.
Each contributor grants you a non-exclusive, worldwide, royalty-free
patent license under the contributor's essential patent claims, to
make, use, sell, offer for sale, import and otherwise run, modify and
propagate the contents of its contributor version.
In the following three paragraphs, a "patent license" is any express
agreement or commitment, however denominated, not to enforce a patent
(such as an express permission to practice a patent or covenant not to
sue for patent infringement). To "grant" such a patent license to a
party means to make such an agreement or commitment not to enforce a
patent against the party.
If you convey a covered work, knowingly relying on a patent license,
and the Corresponding Source of the work is not available for anyone
to copy, free of charge and under the terms of this License, through a
publicly available network server or other readily accessible means,
then you must either (1) cause the Corresponding Source to be so
available, or (2) arrange to deprive yourself of the benefit of the
patent license for this particular work, or (3) arrange, in a manner
consistent with the requirements of this License, to extend the patent
license to downstream recipients. "Knowingly relying" means you have
actual knowledge that, but for the patent license, your conveying the
covered work in a country, or your recipient's use of the covered work
in a country, would infringe one or more identifiable patents in that
country that you have reason to believe are valid.
If, pursuant to or in connection with a single transaction or
arrangement, you convey, or propagate by procuring conveyance of, a
covered work, and grant a patent license to some of the parties
receiving the covered work authorizing them to use, propagate, modify
or convey a specific copy of the covered work, then the patent license
you grant is automatically extended to all recipients of the covered
work and works based on it.
A patent license is "discriminatory" if it does not include within
the scope of its coverage, prohibits the exercise of, or is
conditioned on the non-exercise of one or more of the rights that are
specifically granted under this License. You may not convey a covered
work if you are a party to an arrangement with a third party that is
in the business of distributing software, under which you make payment
to the third party based on the extent of your activity of conveying
the work, and under which the third party grants, to any of the
parties who would receive the covered work from you, a discriminatory
patent license (a) in connection with copies of the covered work
conveyed by you (or copies made from those copies), or (b) primarily
for and in connection with specific products or compilations that
contain the covered work, unless you entered into that arrangement,
or that patent license was granted, prior to 28 March 2007.
Nothing in this License shall be construed as excluding or limiting
any implied license or other defenses to infringement that may
otherwise be available to you under applicable patent law.
12. No Surrender of Others' Freedom.
If conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or
otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not
excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot convey a
covered work so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this
License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may
not convey it at all. For example, if you agree to terms that obligate you
to collect a royalty for further conveying from those to whom you convey
the Program, the only way you could satisfy both those terms and this
License would be to refrain entirely from conveying the Program.
13. Use with the GNU Affero General Public License.
Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, you have
permission to link or combine any covered work with a work licensed
under version 3 of the GNU Affero General Public License into a single
combined work, and to convey the resulting work. The terms of this
License will continue to apply to the part which is the covered work,
but the special requirements of the GNU Affero General Public License,
section 13, concerning interaction through a network will apply to the
combination as such.
14. Revised Versions of this License.
The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of
the GNU General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will
be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to
address new problems or concerns.
Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the
Program specifies that a certain numbered version of the GNU General
Public License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the
option of following the terms and conditions either of that numbered
version or of any later version published by the Free Software
Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of the
GNU General Public License, you may choose any version ever published
by the Free Software Foundation.
If the Program specifies that a proxy can decide which future
versions of the GNU General Public License can be used, that proxy's
public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you
to choose that version for the Program.
Later license versions may give you additional or different
permissions. However, no additional obligations are imposed on any
author or copyright holder as a result of your choosing to follow a
later version.
15. Disclaimer of Warranty.
THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY
APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT
HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY
OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM
IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF
ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
16. Limitation of Liability.
IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING
WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MODIFIES AND/OR CONVEYS
THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY
GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE
USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF
DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD
PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS),
EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
SUCH DAMAGES.
17. Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16.
If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided
above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms,
reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates
an absolute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the
Program, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a
copy of the Program in return for a fee.
END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest
to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
<one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.>
Copyright (C) <year> <name of author>
This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short
notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:
<program> Copyright (C) <year> <name of author>
This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate
parts of the General Public License. Of course, your program's commands
might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an "about box".
You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school,
if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary.
For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see
<http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program
into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you
may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with
the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General
Public License instead of this License. But first, please read
<http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html>.

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GNU LESSER GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
Version 3, 29 June 2007
Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. <http://fsf.org/>
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
This version of the GNU Lesser General Public License incorporates
the terms and conditions of version 3 of the GNU General Public
License, supplemented by the additional permissions listed below.
0. Additional Definitions.
As used herein, "this License" refers to version 3 of the GNU Lesser
General Public License, and the "GNU GPL" refers to version 3 of the GNU
General Public License.
"The Library" refers to a covered work governed by this License,
other than an Application or a Combined Work as defined below.
An "Application" is any work that makes use of an interface provided
by the Library, but which is not otherwise based on the Library.
Defining a subclass of a class defined by the Library is deemed a mode
of using an interface provided by the Library.
A "Combined Work" is a work produced by combining or linking an
Application with the Library. The particular version of the Library
with which the Combined Work was made is also called the "Linked
Version".
The "Minimal Corresponding Source" for a Combined Work means the
Corresponding Source for the Combined Work, excluding any source code
for portions of the Combined Work that, considered in isolation, are
based on the Application, and not on the Linked Version.
The "Corresponding Application Code" for a Combined Work means the
object code and/or source code for the Application, including any data
and utility programs needed for reproducing the Combined Work from the
Application, but excluding the System Libraries of the Combined Work.
1. Exception to Section 3 of the GNU GPL.
You may convey a covered work under sections 3 and 4 of this License
without being bound by section 3 of the GNU GPL.
2. Conveying Modified Versions.
If you modify a copy of the Library, and, in your modifications, a
facility refers to a function or data to be supplied by an Application
that uses the facility (other than as an argument passed when the
facility is invoked), then you may convey a copy of the modified
version:
a) under this License, provided that you make a good faith effort to
ensure that, in the event an Application does not supply the
function or data, the facility still operates, and performs
whatever part of its purpose remains meaningful, or
b) under the GNU GPL, with none of the additional permissions of
this License applicable to that copy.
3. Object Code Incorporating Material from Library Header Files.
The object code form of an Application may incorporate material from
a header file that is part of the Library. You may convey such object
code under terms of your choice, provided that, if the incorporated
material is not limited to numerical parameters, data structure
layouts and accessors, or small macros, inline functions and templates
(ten or fewer lines in length), you do both of the following:
a) Give prominent notice with each copy of the object code that the
Library is used in it and that the Library and its use are
covered by this License.
b) Accompany the object code with a copy of the GNU GPL and this license
document.
4. Combined Works.
You may convey a Combined Work under terms of your choice that,
taken together, effectively do not restrict modification of the
portions of the Library contained in the Combined Work and reverse
engineering for debugging such modifications, if you also do each of
the following:
a) Give prominent notice with each copy of the Combined Work that
the Library is used in it and that the Library and its use are
covered by this License.
b) Accompany the Combined Work with a copy of the GNU GPL and this license
document.
c) For a Combined Work that displays copyright notices during
execution, include the copyright notice for the Library among
these notices, as well as a reference directing the user to the
copies of the GNU GPL and this license document.
d) Do one of the following:
0) Convey the Minimal Corresponding Source under the terms of this
License, and the Corresponding Application Code in a form
suitable for, and under terms that permit, the user to
recombine or relink the Application with a modified version of
the Linked Version to produce a modified Combined Work, in the
manner specified by section 6 of the GNU GPL for conveying
Corresponding Source.
1) Use a suitable shared library mechanism for linking with the
Library. A suitable mechanism is one that (a) uses at run time
a copy of the Library already present on the user's computer
system, and (b) will operate properly with a modified version
of the Library that is interface-compatible with the Linked
Version.
e) Provide Installation Information, but only if you would otherwise
be required to provide such information under section 6 of the
GNU GPL, and only to the extent that such information is
necessary to install and execute a modified version of the
Combined Work produced by recombining or relinking the
Application with a modified version of the Linked Version. (If
you use option 4d0, the Installation Information must accompany
the Minimal Corresponding Source and Corresponding Application
Code. If you use option 4d1, you must provide the Installation
Information in the manner specified by section 6 of the GNU GPL
for conveying Corresponding Source.)
5. Combined Libraries.
You may place library facilities that are a work based on the
Library side by side in a single library together with other library
facilities that are not Applications and are not covered by this
License, and convey such a combined library under terms of your
choice, if you do both of the following:
a) Accompany the combined library with a copy of the same work based
on the Library, uncombined with any other library facilities,
conveyed under the terms of this License.
b) Give prominent notice with the combined library that part of it
is a work based on the Library, and explaining where to find the
accompanying uncombined form of the same work.
6. Revised Versions of the GNU Lesser General Public License.
The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions
of the GNU Lesser General Public License from time to time. Such new
versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.
Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the
Library as you received it specifies that a certain numbered version
of the GNU Lesser General Public License "or any later version"
applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and
conditions either of that published version or of any later version
published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Library as you
received it does not specify a version number of the GNU Lesser
General Public License, you may choose any version of the GNU Lesser
General Public License ever published by the Free Software Foundation.
If the Library as you received it specifies that a proxy can decide
whether future versions of the GNU Lesser General Public License shall
apply, that proxy's public statement of acceptance of any version is
permanent authorization for you to choose that version for the
Library.

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This directory contains the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC).
The GNU Compiler Collection is free software. See the files whose
names start with COPYING for copying permission. The manuals, and
some of the runtime libraries, are under different terms; see the
individual source files for details.
The directory INSTALL contains copies of the installation information
as HTML and plain text. The source of this information is
gcc/doc/install.texi. The installation information includes details
of what is included in the GCC sources and what files GCC installs.
See the file gcc/doc/gcc.texi (together with other files that it
includes) for usage and porting information. An online readable
version of the manual is in the files gcc/doc/gcc.info*.
See http://gcc.gnu.org/bugs/ for how to report bugs usefully.
Copyright years on GCC source files may be listed using range
notation, e.g., 1987-2012, indicating that every year in the range,
inclusive, is a copyrightable year that could otherwise be listed
individually.

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GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
Version 2, June 1991
Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
Preamble
The licenses for most software are designed to take away your
freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public
License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free
software--to make sure the software is free for all its users. This
General Public License applies to most of the Free Software
Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to
using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by
the GNU Library General Public License instead.) You can apply it to
your programs, too.
When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you
have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for
this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it
if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it
in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things.
To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid
anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights.
These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you
distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it.
For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether
gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that
you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the
source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their
rights.
We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and
(2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy,
distribute and/or modify the software.
Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain
that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free
software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we
want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so
that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original
authors' reputations.
Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software
patents. We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free
program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the
program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any
patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all.
The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and
modification follow.
GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION
0. This License applies to any program or other work which contains
a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed
under the terms of this General Public License. The "Program", below,
refers to any such program or work, and a "work based on the Program"
means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law:
that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it,
either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another
language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in
the term "modification".) Each licensee is addressed as "you".
Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not
covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of
running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program
is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the
Program (independent of having been made by running the Program).
Whether that is true depends on what the Program does.
1. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's
source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you
conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate
copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the
notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty;
and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License
along with the Program.
You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and
you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee.
2. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion
of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and
distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1
above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:
a) You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices
stating that you changed the files and the date of any change.
b) You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in
whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any
part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third
parties under the terms of this License.
c) If the modified program normally reads commands interactively
when run, you must cause it, when started running for such
interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an
announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a
notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide
a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under
these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this
License. (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but
does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on
the Program is not required to print an announcement.)
These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If
identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program,
and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in
themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those
sections when you distribute them as separate works. But when you
distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based
on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of
this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the
entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it.
Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest
your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to
exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or
collective works based on the Program.
In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program
with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of
a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under
the scope of this License.
3. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it,
under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of
Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following:
a) Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable
source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections
1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,
b) Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three
years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your
cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete
machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be
distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium
customarily used for software interchange; or,
c) Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer
to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is
allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you
received the program in object code or executable form with such
an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.)
The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for
making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete source
code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any
associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to
control compilation and installation of the executable. However, as a
special exception, the source code distributed need not include
anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary
form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the
operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component
itself accompanies the executable.
If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering
access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent
access to copy the source code from the same place counts as
distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not
compelled to copy the source along with the object code.
4. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program
except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt
otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is
void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under
this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
parties remain in full compliance.
5. You are not required to accept this License, since you have not
signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or
distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions are
prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by
modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the
Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and
all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying
the Program or works based on it.
6. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the
Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the
original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to
these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further
restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein.
You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to
this License.
7. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent
infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues),
conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or
otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not
excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot
distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this
License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you
may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent
license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by
all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then
the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to
refrain entirely from distribution of the Program.
If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under
any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to
apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other
circumstances.
It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any
patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any
such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the
integrity of the free software distribution system, which is
implemented by public license practices. Many people have made
generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed
through that system in reliance on consistent application of that
system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing
to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot
impose that choice.
This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to
be a consequence of the rest of this License.
8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in
certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the
original copyright holder who places the Program under this License
may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding
those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among
countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates
the limitation as if written in the body of this License.
9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions
of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will
be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to
address new problems or concerns.
Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program
specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and "any
later version", you have the option of following the terms and conditions
either of that version or of any later version published by the Free
Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of
this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software
Foundation.
10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free
programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author
to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free
Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes
make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals
of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and
of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally.
NO WARRANTY
11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY
FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN
OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES
PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED
OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS
TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE
PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING,
REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING
WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR
REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES,
INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING
OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED
TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY
YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER
PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE
POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest
to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
<one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.>
Copyright (C) <year> <name of author>
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
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That's all there is to it!

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Additional permissions that are applicable to the entire Program shall
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that they are valid under applicable law. If additional permissions
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run a copy of the Program. Ancillary propagation of a covered work
occurring solely as a consequence of using peer-to-peer transmission
to receive a copy likewise does not require acceptance. However,
nothing other than this License grants you permission to propagate or
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License of the Program or a work on which the Program is based. The
work thus licensed is called the contributor's "contributor version".
A contributor's "essential patent claims" are all patent claims
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available, or (2) arrange to deprive yourself of the benefit of the
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consistent with the requirements of this License, to extend the patent
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in a country, would infringe one or more identifiable patents in that
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or that patent license was granted, prior to 28 March 2007.
Nothing in this License shall be construed as excluding or limiting
any implied license or other defenses to infringement that may
otherwise be available to you under applicable patent law.
12. No Surrender of Others' Freedom.
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Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, you have
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14. Revised Versions of this License.
The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of
the GNU General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will
be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to
address new problems or concerns.
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Program specifies that a certain numbered version of the GNU General
Public License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the
option of following the terms and conditions either of that numbered
version or of any later version published by the Free Software
Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of the
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If the Program specifies that a proxy can decide which future
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to choose that version for the Program.
Later license versions may give you additional or different
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author or copyright holder as a result of your choosing to follow a
later version.
15. Disclaimer of Warranty.
THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY
APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT
HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY
OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
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IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF
ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
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IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING
WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MODIFIES AND/OR CONVEYS
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GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE
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DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD
PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS),
EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
SUCH DAMAGES.
17. Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16.
If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided
above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms,
reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates
an absolute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the
Program, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a
copy of the Program in return for a fee.
END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest
to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
<one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.>
Copyright (C) <year> <name of author>
This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short
notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:
<program> Copyright (C) <year> <name of author>
This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate
parts of the General Public License. Of course, your program's commands
might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an "about box".
You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school,
if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary.
For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see
<http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program
into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you
may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with
the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General
Public License instead of this License. But first, please read
<http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html>.

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GNU LESSER GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
Version 3, 29 June 2007
Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. <http://fsf.org/>
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
This version of the GNU Lesser General Public License incorporates
the terms and conditions of version 3 of the GNU General Public
License, supplemented by the additional permissions listed below.
0. Additional Definitions.
As used herein, "this License" refers to version 3 of the GNU Lesser
General Public License, and the "GNU GPL" refers to version 3 of the GNU
General Public License.
"The Library" refers to a covered work governed by this License,
other than an Application or a Combined Work as defined below.
An "Application" is any work that makes use of an interface provided
by the Library, but which is not otherwise based on the Library.
Defining a subclass of a class defined by the Library is deemed a mode
of using an interface provided by the Library.
A "Combined Work" is a work produced by combining or linking an
Application with the Library. The particular version of the Library
with which the Combined Work was made is also called the "Linked
Version".
The "Minimal Corresponding Source" for a Combined Work means the
Corresponding Source for the Combined Work, excluding any source code
for portions of the Combined Work that, considered in isolation, are
based on the Application, and not on the Linked Version.
The "Corresponding Application Code" for a Combined Work means the
object code and/or source code for the Application, including any data
and utility programs needed for reproducing the Combined Work from the
Application, but excluding the System Libraries of the Combined Work.
1. Exception to Section 3 of the GNU GPL.
You may convey a covered work under sections 3 and 4 of this License
without being bound by section 3 of the GNU GPL.
2. Conveying Modified Versions.
If you modify a copy of the Library, and, in your modifications, a
facility refers to a function or data to be supplied by an Application
that uses the facility (other than as an argument passed when the
facility is invoked), then you may convey a copy of the modified
version:
a) under this License, provided that you make a good faith effort to
ensure that, in the event an Application does not supply the
function or data, the facility still operates, and performs
whatever part of its purpose remains meaningful, or
b) under the GNU GPL, with none of the additional permissions of
this License applicable to that copy.
3. Object Code Incorporating Material from Library Header Files.
The object code form of an Application may incorporate material from
a header file that is part of the Library. You may convey such object
code under terms of your choice, provided that, if the incorporated
material is not limited to numerical parameters, data structure
layouts and accessors, or small macros, inline functions and templates
(ten or fewer lines in length), you do both of the following:
a) Give prominent notice with each copy of the object code that the
Library is used in it and that the Library and its use are
covered by this License.
b) Accompany the object code with a copy of the GNU GPL and this license
document.
4. Combined Works.
You may convey a Combined Work under terms of your choice that,
taken together, effectively do not restrict modification of the
portions of the Library contained in the Combined Work and reverse
engineering for debugging such modifications, if you also do each of
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the Library is used in it and that the Library and its use are
covered by this License.
b) Accompany the Combined Work with a copy of the GNU GPL and this license
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c) For a Combined Work that displays copyright notices during
execution, include the copyright notice for the Library among
these notices, as well as a reference directing the user to the
copies of the GNU GPL and this license document.
d) Do one of the following:
0) Convey the Minimal Corresponding Source under the terms of this
License, and the Corresponding Application Code in a form
suitable for, and under terms that permit, the user to
recombine or relink the Application with a modified version of
the Linked Version to produce a modified Combined Work, in the
manner specified by section 6 of the GNU GPL for conveying
Corresponding Source.
1) Use a suitable shared library mechanism for linking with the
Library. A suitable mechanism is one that (a) uses at run time
a copy of the Library already present on the user's computer
system, and (b) will operate properly with a modified version
of the Library that is interface-compatible with the Linked
Version.
e) Provide Installation Information, but only if you would otherwise
be required to provide such information under section 6 of the
GNU GPL, and only to the extent that such information is
necessary to install and execute a modified version of the
Combined Work produced by recombining or relinking the
Application with a modified version of the Linked Version. (If
you use option 4d0, the Installation Information must accompany
the Minimal Corresponding Source and Corresponding Application
Code. If you use option 4d1, you must provide the Installation
Information in the manner specified by section 6 of the GNU GPL
for conveying Corresponding Source.)
5. Combined Libraries.
You may place library facilities that are a work based on the
Library side by side in a single library together with other library
facilities that are not Applications and are not covered by this
License, and convey such a combined library under terms of your
choice, if you do both of the following:
a) Accompany the combined library with a copy of the same work based
on the Library, uncombined with any other library facilities,
conveyed under the terms of this License.
b) Give prominent notice with the combined library that part of it
is a work based on the Library, and explaining where to find the
accompanying uncombined form of the same work.
6. Revised Versions of the GNU Lesser General Public License.
The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions
of the GNU Lesser General Public License from time to time. Such new
versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.
Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the
Library as you received it specifies that a certain numbered version
of the GNU Lesser General Public License "or any later version"
applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and
conditions either of that published version or of any later version
published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Library as you
received it does not specify a version number of the GNU Lesser
General Public License, you may choose any version of the GNU Lesser
General Public License ever published by the Free Software Foundation.
If the Library as you received it specifies that a proxy can decide
whether future versions of the GNU Lesser General Public License shall
apply, that proxy's public statement of acceptance of any version is
permanent authorization for you to choose that version for the
Library.

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README for GNU development tools
This directory contains various GNU compilers, assemblers, linkers,
debuggers, etc., plus their support routines, definitions, and documentation.
If you are receiving this as part of a GDB release, see the file gdb/README.
If with a binutils release, see binutils/README; if with a libg++ release,
see libg++/README, etc. That'll give you info about this
package -- supported targets, how to use it, how to report bugs, etc.
It is now possible to automatically configure and build a variety of
tools with one command. To build all of the tools contained herein,
run the ``configure'' script here, e.g.:
./configure
make
To install them (by default in /usr/local/bin, /usr/local/lib, etc),
then do:
make install
(If the configure script can't determine your type of computer, give it
the name as an argument, for instance ``./configure sun4''. You can
use the script ``config.sub'' to test whether a name is recognized; if
it is, config.sub translates it to a triplet specifying CPU, vendor,
and OS.)
If you have more than one compiler on your system, it is often best to
explicitly set CC in the environment before running configure, and to
also set CC when running make. For example (assuming sh/bash/ksh):
CC=gcc ./configure
make
A similar example using csh:
setenv CC gcc
./configure
make
Much of the code and documentation enclosed is copyright by
the Free Software Foundation, Inc. See the file COPYING or
COPYING.LIB in the various directories, for a description of the
GNU General Public License terms under which you can copy the files.
REPORTING BUGS: Again, see gdb/README, binutils/README, etc., for info
on where and how to report problems.

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
Notes on enabling maintainer mode
Note that if you configure with --enable-maintainer-mode, you will need
special versions of automake, autoconf, libtool and gettext. You will
find the sources for these in the respective upstream directories:
https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/autoconf
https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/automake
https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/libtool
https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gettext
The required versions of the tools for this tree are:
autoconf 2.69
automake 1.15.1
libtool 2.2.6
gettext 0.16.1
Note - "make distclean" does not work with maintainer mode enabled.
The Makefiles in the some of the po/ subdirectories depend upon the
Makefiles in their parent directories, and distclean will delete the
Makefiles in the parent directories before running the Makefiles in
the child directories. There is no easy way around this (short of
changing the automake macros) as these dependencies need to exist in
order to correctly build the NLS files.
When running the testsuites a minimum version of dejagnu is also needed.
Dejagnu can be found here:
https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/dejagnu/
The minimum version required is:
dejagnu 1.5.3

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
Authors of GNU gettext.
The following contributions warranted legal paper exchanges with the
Free Software Foundation. Also see files ChangeLog and THANKS.
GETTEXT Ulrich Drepper
Assigns program and future changes.
GETTEXT Peter Miller
Assigns past and future changes.
GETTEXT François Pinard
Assigns past and future changes.
GETTEXT Ben Kasmin Bullock
Disclaims changes to manual.
GETTEXT Paul Eggert
Assigns past and future changes.
GETTEXT Bruno Haible
Assigns past and future changes.
GETTEXT Tim Van Holder
Assigns past and future changes.
(No contributions so far.)
GETTEXT Tommy Johansson
Assigns changes. (changed: xgettext.c, configure.in; added: x-java.[lh])
(Contributions: support for Java.)
GETTEXT Karl Eichwalder
Assigns past and future changes.
GETTEXT SuSE Linux AG 2002-07-03
Disclaimer for Karl Eichwalder, in the past and for the next 5 years.
(Contributions to the manual and to the tests.)
GETTEXT Alexandre Duret-Lutz
Assigns past and future changes.
(No contributions so far.)
GETTEXT Guido Flohr
Assigns past and future changes.
GETTEXT Imperia Inc 2003-12-05
Disclaimer for Guido Flohr, in the past and for the next 5 years.
(Contributions: support for Perl.)
GETTEXT Michele Cicciotti alias KJK::Hyperion
Assigns past and future changes.
(Contributions to langprefs.c for Windows.)
GETTEXT Noritada Kobayashi
Assigns past and future changes.
(Contributions to po-mode.)
GETTEXT KO Myung-Hun
Assigns past and future changes.
(Contributions: support for OS/2.)
GETTEXT Lubomir Remak
Assigns past and future changes.
(Contributions: support for Lua.)
GETTEXT Daiki Ueno
Assigns past and future changes.
GETTEXT Miguel Angel Arruga Vivas
Assigns past and future changes.
GETTEXT GMV Innovating Solutions S.L.
Disclaimer for Miguel Angel Arruga Vivas.
GETTEXT FutureLAB, AG
Assigns past and future changes of Andreas Stricker.
(Contributions: support for JavaScript.)
GETTEXT Roumen Iordanov Petrov
Assigns past and future changes.
(Contributions: tests fixes.)
GETTEXT Philip Withnall
Assigns past and future changes.
(Contributions: support for AppData.)
GETTEXT Pavel Raiskup
Assigns past and future changes.
GETTEXT Sundeep Anand
Assigns past and future changes.
(No contributions so far.)
GETTEXT John Darrington
Assigns past and future changes.
(No contributions so far.)

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,674 @@
GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
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public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you
to choose that version for the Program.
Later license versions may give you additional or different
permissions. However, no additional obligations are imposed on any
author or copyright holder as a result of your choosing to follow a
later version.
15. Disclaimer of Warranty.
THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY
APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT
HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY
OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM
IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF
ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
16. Limitation of Liability.
IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING
WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MODIFIES AND/OR CONVEYS
THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY
GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE
USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF
DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD
PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS),
EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
SUCH DAMAGES.
17. Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16.
If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided
above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms,
reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates
an absolute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the
Program, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a
copy of the Program in return for a fee.
END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest
to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
<one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.>
Copyright (C) <year> <name of author>
This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short
notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:
<program> Copyright (C) <year> <name of author>
This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate
parts of the General Public License. Of course, your program's commands
might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an "about box".
You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school,
if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary.
For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see
<https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program
into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you
may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with
the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General
Public License instead of this License. But first, please read
<https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html>.

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The following packages should be installed before GNU gettext is installed
(runtime dependencies that are also build dependencies):
* GNU libiconv
+ Not needed on systems with glibc and on NetBSD.
But highly recommended on all other systems.
Needed for character set conversion of PO files from/to Unicode
and for the iconv_ostream class of libtextstyle.
+ Homepage:
https://www.gnu.org/software/libiconv/
+ Download:
https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/libiconv/
+ Pre-built package name:
- On Debian and Debian-based systems: --,
- On Red Hat distributions: --.
- Other: https://repology.org/project/libiconv/versions
+ If it is installed in a nonstandard directory, pass the option
--with-libiconv-prefix=DIR to 'configure'.
+ On mingw, a slim alternative is the 'win-iconv' package version 0.0.8
from https://github.com/win-iconv/win-iconv .
* GNU ncurses (preferred)
or libtermcap (discouraged) or a curses library (legacy).
+ Highly recommended.
Needed for styling of terminal output (libtextstyle and the --color
option of the 'msgcat' program).
+ Homepage:
https://www.gnu.org/software/ncurses/
+ Download:
https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/ncurses/
+ Pre-built package name:
- On Debian and Debian-based systems: libncurses-dev,
- On Red Hat distributions: ncurses-devel.
- Other: https://repology.org/project/ncurses/versions
+ If it is installed in a nonstandard directory, pass the option
--with-libncurses-prefix=DIR or --with-libtermcap-prefix to 'configure'.
* libxml2
+ Recommended.
Needed for 'xgettext' and 'msgfmt', so that it can parse XML
files. Also needed for the --color option of the various
programs.
If not present, a subset of libxml2 (included in this package) will be
compiled into libgettextlib.
+ Homepage:
http://xmlsoft.org/
+ Download:
ftp://xmlsoft.org/libxml2/
+ Pre-built package name:
- On Debian and Debian-based systems: libxml2-dev,
- On Red Hat distributions: libxml2-devel.
- Other: https://repology.org/project/libxml2/versions
+ If it is installed in a nonstandard directory, pass the option
--with-libxml2-prefix=DIR to 'configure'.
* libacl
+ Recommended on Linux systems.
Needed so that the creation of backup files respects the access control
lists (ACLs) set on the original files.
+ Homepage:
https://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/acl/
+ Download:
https://download.savannah.nongnu.org/releases/acl/
+ Pre-built package name:
- On Debian and Debian-based systems: acl, libacl1-dev,
- On Red Hat distributions: acl, libacl-devel.
- Other: https://repology.org/project/acl/versions
* libattr
+ Recommended on Linux systems.
Needed so that the creation of backup files respects the access control
lists (ACLs) set on the original files, with fewer system calls.
+ Homepage:
https://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/attr/
+ Download:
https://download.savannah.nongnu.org/releases/attr/
+ Pre-built package name:
- On Debian and Debian-based systems: libattr1-dev,
- On Red Hat distributions: libattr-devel.
- Other: https://repology.org/project/attr/versions
* A Java runtime and compiler (e.g. OpenJDK, AdoptOpenJDK, or kaffe).
+ Recommended.
Needed for building libintl.jar. Also needed for 'msgfmt' and
'msgunfmt', so that they can handle Java classes and properties files.
+ Homepage:
http://openjdk.java.net/
http://www.kaffe.org/
+ Download:
http://openjdk.java.net/install/index.html
https://github.com/kaffe/kaffe
+ Pre-built package name:
- On Debian and Debian-based systems:
openjdk-11-jdk or openjdk-8-jdk or openjdk-7-jdk,
- On Red Hat distributions:
java-11-openjdk or java-1.8.0-openjdk or java-1.7.0-openjdk.
- Other: https://repology.org/project/openjdk/versions
* A C# runtime and compiler (e.g. mono or dotnet).
+ Recommended.
Needed for building GNU.Gettext.dll. Also needed for 'msgfmt' and
'msgunfmt', so that they can handle C# resources and assemblies.
o Mono:
+ Homepage:
https://www.mono-project.com/
+ Download:
https://www.mono-project.com/download/
+ Pre-built package name:
- On Debian and Debian-based systems: mono-runtime,
- On Red Hat distributions: mono.
- Other: https://repology.org/project/mono/versions
o dotnet:
+ Homepage:
https://dotnet.microsoft.com/
+ Download:
https://dotnet.microsoft.com/en-us/download
+ Pre-built package name:
- On Debian and Debian-based systems: dotnet7 or dotnet8,
- On Red Hat distributions: dotnet7.0 or dotnet8.0.
- Other: https://repology.org/project/dotnet/versions
+ If more than one C# is installed, pass the option --enable-csharp=IMPL
to 'configure', to disambiguate.
* A D compiler and runtime (e.g. gdc, ldc2, or dmd).
+ Recommended.
Needed for building libintl_d.a.
o gdc:
+ Homepage:
https://wiki.dlang.org/GDC
https://gcc.gnu.org/
+ Pre-built package name:
- On Debian and Debian-based systems: gdc,
- On Red Hat distributions: gcc-gdc.
- Other: --
o ldc2:
+ Homepage:
https://wiki.dlang.org/LDC
+ Download:
https://github.com/ldc-developers/ldc/tags
+ Pre-built package name:
- On Debian and Debian-based systems: ldc,
- On Red Hat distributions: ldc.
- Other: https://repology.org/project/ldc/versions
o dmd:
+ Homepage:
https://wiki.dlang.org/DMD
+ Download:
https://dlang.org/download.html
+ Pre-built package name:
- On Debian and Debian-based systems: --,
- On Red Hat distributions: --.
- Other: https://repology.org/project/dmd/versions
+ If more than one D compiler is installed, set the environment variable
DC, to disambiguate.
* The GNU Modula-2 compiler and runtime.
+ Recommended.
Needed for building libintl_m2.so.
+ Homepage:
https://www.nongnu.org/gm2/about.html
https://gcc.gnu.org/
+ Pre-built package name:
- On Debian and Debian-based systems: gm2,
- On Red Hat distributions: gcc-gm2, libgm2.
- Other: https://repology.org/project/gcc-gm2/versions
* git 1.6 or newer
+ Recommended.
Needed by the 'autopoint' program, if not configured with --without-git
or --with-cvs.
+ Homepage:
https://git-scm.com/
+ Download:
https://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/
+ Pre-built package name:
- On Debian and Debian-based systems: git,
- On Red Hat distributions: git.
- Other: https://repology.org/project/git/versions
* The archiving utility 'tar'.
+ Recommended.
Needed for the 'autopoint' program.
Either the platform's native tar, or GNU tar.
+ Homepage:
https://www.gnu.org/software/tar/
+ Download:
https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/tar/
+ Pre-built package name:
- On Debian and Debian-based systems: tar,
- On Red Hat distributions: tar.
- Other: https://repology.org/project/tar/versions
* The GNU compression utility 'gzip'.
+ Recommended.
Needed for the 'autopoint' program.
+ Homepage:
https://www.gnu.org/software/gzip/
+ Download:
https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gzip/
+ Pre-built package name:
- On Debian and Debian-based systems: gzip,
- On Red Hat distributions: gzip.
- Other: https://repology.org/project/gzip/versions
* The compression utility 'bzip2'.
+ Recommended.
Needed for the 'autopoint' program, if not configured with --without-bzip2.
+ Homepage:
http://www.bzip.org/
+ Download:
http://www.bzip.org/downloads.html
+ Pre-built package name:
- On Debian and Debian-based systems: bzip2,
- On Red Hat distributions: bzip2.
- Other: https://repology.org/project/bzip2/versions
* The compression utility 'xz'.
+ Recommended.
Needed for the 'autopoint' program, if not configured with --without-xz.
+ Homepage:
https://tukaani.org/xz/
+ Download:
https://tukaani.org/xz/
+ Pre-built package name:
- On Debian and Debian-based systems: xz-utils,
- On Red Hat distributions: xz.
- Other: https://repology.org/project/xz/versions
* GNU libunistring
+ Optional.
Needed for the line breaking in PO files and for xgettext.
If not present, a subset of libunistring (included in this package) will
be compiled into libgettextlib.
+ Homepage:
https://www.gnu.org/software/libunistring/
+ Download:
https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/libunistring/
+ Pre-built package name:
- On Debian and Debian-based systems: libunistring-dev,
- On Red Hat distributions: libunistring-devel.
- Other: https://repology.org/project/libunistring/versions
+ If it is installed in a nonstandard directory, pass the option
--with-libunistring-prefix=DIR to 'configure'.
* CVS 1.11 or newer
+ Optional but deprecated.
Needed by the 'autopoint' program, if configured with --with-cvs.
+ Homepage:
https://www.nongnu.org/cvs/
+ Download:
https://ftp.gnu.org/non-gnu/cvs/
+ Pre-built package name:
- On Debian and Debian-based systems: cvs,
- On Red Hat distributions: cvs.
- Other: https://repology.org/project/cvs/versions
The following packages should be installed when GNU gettext is installed
(runtime dependencies, but not build dependencies):
* The Gnulib localizations.
+ Recommended.
Needed for localization of some of the programs to the user's language.
+ Documentation:
https://www.gnu.org/software/gnulib/manual/html_node/Localization.html
+ Download:
https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gnulib/gnulib-l10n-*
The following should be installed when GNU gettext is built, but are not
needed later, once it is installed (build dependencies, but not runtime
dependencies):
* A C runtime, compiler, linker, etc.
+ Mandatory.
Either the platform's native 'cc', or GCC 4.4 or newer.
+ GCC Homepage:
https://gcc.gnu.org/
+ Download:
https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gcc/
* A 'make' utility.
+ Mandatory.
Either the platform's native 'make' (for in-tree builds only),
or GNU Make 3.79.1 or newer.
+ GNU Make Homepage:
https://www.gnu.org/software/make/
+ Download:
https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/make/
* A shell
+ Mandatory.
Either the platform's native 'sh', or Bash.
+ Homepage:
https://www.gnu.org/software/bash/
+ Download:
https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bash/
* Core POSIX utilities, including:
[ basename cat chgrp chmod chown cp dd echo expand expr
false hostname install kill ln ls md5sum mkdir mkfifo
mknod mv printenv pwd rm rmdir sleep sort tee test touch
true uname
+ Mandatory.
Either the platform's native utilities, or GNU coreutils.
+ Homepage:
https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/
+ Download:
https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/coreutils/
* The comparison utilities 'cmp' and 'diff'.
+ Mandatory.
Either the platform's native utilities, or GNU diffutils.
+ Homepage:
https://www.gnu.org/software/diffutils/
+ Download:
https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/diffutils/
* Grep.
+ Mandatory.
Either the platform's native grep, or GNU grep.
+ Homepage:
https://www.gnu.org/software/grep/
+ Download:
https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/grep/
* Awk.
+ Mandatory.
Either the platform's native awk, mawk, or nawk, or GNU awk.
+ Homepage:
https://www.gnu.org/software/gawk/
+ Download:
https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gawk/

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This is the GNU gettext package. It is interesting for authors or
maintainers of other packages or programs which they want to see
internationalized. As one step the handling of messages in different
languages should be implemented. For this task GNU gettext provides
the needed tools and library functions.
It is also interesting for translators, because GNU gettext provides
the 'msgmerge' program, which prepares a message catalog before a
translation update.
Users of GNU packages should also install GNU gettext because some
other GNU packages will use the gettext program included in this
package to internationalize the messages given by shell scripts.
The homepage of this package is at
https://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/
The primary FTP site for its distribution is
https://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/gettext/
Report bugs
- in the bug tracker at <https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/gettext>
- or by email to <bug-gettext@gnu.org>.
The configure script provides a non-standard option. It is also
available in other packages that use the functionality of GNU gettext.
Use
--disable-nls
if you absolutely don't want to have messages handling code. You will
always get the original messages (mostly English). You could consider
using NLS support even when you do not need other tongues. If you do
not install any messages catalogs or do not specify to use another but
the C locale you will not get translations.
The set of languages for which catalogs should be installed can also be
specified while configuring. Of course they must be available but the
intersection of these two sets are computed automatically. You could
once and for all define in your profile/cshrc the variable LINGUAS:
(Bourne Shell) LINGUAS="de fr nl"; export LINGUAS
(C Shell) setenv LINGUAS "de fr nl"
or specify it directly while configuring
env LINGUAS="de fr nl" ./configure
Consult the manual for more information on language names.
Other files you might look into:
COPYING - copying conditions
DEPENDENCIES - list of prerequisite packages, to be installed before this one
INSTALL - general compilation and installation rules
NEWS - major changes in the current version
THANKS - list of contributors
JOIN-GNU - invitation to join the GNU project

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The GNU gettext package is the first full featured package
directed to NLS support in the GNU packages. It has its roots in the
GNU C Library development and of course the (never officially
released) GNU locale package, mostly written by Jim Meyering.
Therefore a lot of people participated in the process of creating this
software.
Written in April-June 1995 by
Ulrich Drepper drepper@ipd.info.uni-karlsruhe.de
Special thanks to François Pinard <pinard@iro.umontreal.ca>, who did a
major part of the testing, provided the Emacs PO mode, and wrote major
parts of the manual.
Peter Miller <millerp@canb.auug.org.au> invested a lot of his time in making
gettext usable in other GNU projects and wrote the msgmerge, msgcmp, and
msgunfmt programs.
Guido Flohr <guido@imperia.net> wrote the Perl backend of xgettext and
the libintl-perl package.
Gora Mohanty <gora_mohanty@yahoo.co.in> wrote the tutorial.
Thanks to all of the following for their valuable
hints/fixes/discussions/contributions:
Aaron Stone aaron@serendipity.cx
Aaron Williams aaron_williams@net.com
Abel Cheung abelcheung@gmail.com
Adam Heath doogie@debian.org
Adrian Bunk bunk@fs.tum.de
Akim Demaille akim@epita.fr
Alain Bench messtic@oreka.com
Alain Guibert derogaton+bggt@oreka.com, alguibert@free.fr
Albert Chin-A-Young china@thewrittenword.com
Alex Henrie alexhenrie24@gmail.com
Alexander Potashev aspotashev@gmail.com
Alexander V. Lukyanov lav@yars.free.net
Alexander Turbov AVTurbov@gwise.eltech.ru
Alexandre Duret-Lutz aduret@enst.fr
Alfred M. Szmidt ams@kemisten.nu
Alfredo alfredio@ciaoweb.it
Amos Batto amosbatto@yahoo.com
Andreas Buening andreas.buening@nexgo.de
Andreas Fischer a.fischer@asentics.de
Andreas Schwab schwab@issan.informatik.uni-dortmund.de
Andreas Stricker astricker@futurelab.ch
Andrew Suffield asuffield@debian.org
Andrew V. Samoilov kai@cmail.ru
Andrew Walrond andrew@walrond.org
Andrew Zabolotny zap@cobra.ru
Andries Brouwer andries.brouwer@cwi.nl
Andriy Gapon avg@icyb.net.ua
Arkadiusz Miśkiewicz arekm@pld-linux.org
Arpad Biro biro_arpad@yahoo.com
Artem Vakhitov temcat@mail.ru
Arto C. Nirkko anirkko@insel.ch
Asgeir Frimannsson asgeirf@redhat.com
A. Sopicki a.sopicki@gmx.de
? atras-ch@mail.msiu.ru
Bang Jun Young bangjy@nownuri.nowcom.co.kr
Barry A. Warsaw barry@zope.com
Behdad Esfahbod behdad@cs.toronto.edu
Ben Elliston bje@redhat.com
Benno Schulenberg bensberg@justemail.net
Benoît Sibaud benoit.sibaud@rd.francetelecom.com
Bernard Massot bmassot@free.fr
Bernhard Herzog bernhard@users.sourceforge.net
Bernhard Voelker mail@bernhard-voelker.de
Bethor bethor@gmx.li
Bill Perry wmperry@aventail.com
Bjoern Voigt bjoern@cs.tu-berlin.de
Bob Rossi bob_rossi@cox.net
Bram Moolenaar bram@moolenaar.net
Bruno Haible haible@ma2s2.mathematik.uni-karlsruhe.de
Carl Fürstenberg azatoth@gmail.com
Carlo Wood carlo@alinoe.com
Carlos O'Donell carlos@redhat.com
Carlos Perelló Marín carlos@gnome.org
Cary Farah cfarah@jjkeller.com
Charles Wilson cwilson@ece.gatech.edu
Chris Pickett chris.pickett@mail.mcgill.ca
Chris Zubrzycki beren@mac.com
Christian Casteyde casteyde.christian@free.fr
Christian Neumair chris@gnome-de.org
Christian von Roques roques@pond.sub.org
Christoph Thielecke u15119@hs-harz.de
Christopher Seip chris.seip@hp.com
Chuck Berg chuckhberg@yahoo.com
Chusslove Illich (Часлав Илић) caslav.ilic@gmx.net
Claudio Fontana claudio@gnu.org
Clytie Siddall clytie@riverland.net.au
Colin Marquardt colin@marquardt-home.de
Colin Watson cjwatson@debian.org
Crispin Flowerday cflowerday@zeus.com
Daiki Ueno ueno@gnu.org
Dalibor Topic robilad@kaffe.org
Daniel Burr dburr@dburr.net
Daniel Burrows dburrows@debian.org
Daniel Leidert daniel.leidert@wgdd.de
Daniel Schepler schepler@math.berkeley.edu
Danilo Šegan (Данило Шеган) danilo@gnome.org
Dave Patton dpatton@confluence.org
David Faure faure@kde.org
David Fraser davidf@sjsoft.com
David Shea dshea@redhat.com
Denis Barbier barbier@linuxfr.org
Denis Excoffier Denis.Excoffier@free.fr
Deniz Akkus deniz@arayan.com
Dennis Bjorklund db@zigo.dhs.org
Dennis Schridde devurandom@gmx.net
Derek Clegg derek_clegg@next.com
Derek Robert Price derek@ximbiot.com
Dwayne Bailey dwayne@obsidian.co.za
Earnie Boyd earnie_boyd@yahoo.com
Ed Avis avised@kbcfp.com
Eddy Petrişor eddy.petrisor@gmail.com
Edmund Grimley Evans edmundo@rano.org
Egmont Koblinger egmont@uhulinux.hu
Eli Zaretskii eliz@is.elta.co.il
Enrico Scholz enrico.scholz@informatik.tu-chemnitz.de
Enrique Melero Gómez justine@iprolink.ch
Eric Backus ericb@lsid.hp.com
Eric Blake ebb9@byu.net
Eric Botcazou ebotcazou@libertysurf.fr
Erik Sigra sigra@home.se
Farzaneh Sarafraz farzaneh@farsiweb.info
Fatih Demir kabalak@gtranslator.org
Felipe Contreras al593181@mail.mty.itesm.mx
Felix Natter f.natter@ndh.net
Finlay Dobbie finlay.dobbie@gmail.com
Francesco Potortì pot@fly.cnuce.cnr.it
Frank Donahoe fdonahoe@wilkes1.wilkes.edu
Frédéric L. W. Meunier 0@pervalidus.tk
Gabor Kelemen kelemeng@gnome.hu
Gabriele Stilli superenzima@libero.it
Gaëtan Frenoy gaetan@frenoy.net
Gary V. Vaughan gary@gnu.org
Gerald Combs gerald@ethereal.com
Glenn Popelka gpp@mail.gpopelka.com
Golubev I. N. gin@mo.msk.ru
Greg McGary gkm@magilla.cichlid.com
Göran Uddeborg gvran@uddeborg.pp.se
Guillem Jover guillem@hadrons.org
Hagen Fritsch itooktheredpill@gmx.de
Haibin Zhang dragzhb@yahoo.com.cn
Han Boetes han@mijncomputer.nl
Hanno Boeck hanno@gentoo.org
Hans Ulrich Niedermann debian@n-dimensional.de
Henry Nelson netb@yuba.ne.jp
H. J. Lu hjl@lucon.org
Hrvoje Niksic hniksic@srce.hr
Igor Brezac igor@ipass.net
Ivailo xakepa10@gmail.com
I. Thomas Cundiff tcundiff@eclipse.net
Jacob (=Jouk) Jansen joukj@hrem.stm.tudelft.nl
Jakub Bogusz qboosh@pld-linux.org
Jakub Jelinek jj@sunsite.ms.mff.cuni.cz
Jakub Wilk jwilk@debian.org
James A Baker jabaker@mac.com
James Henstridge james@daa.com.au
James Youngman jay@gnu.org
Jan Djärv jan.djarv@mbox200.swipnet.se
Jan-Marek Glogowski glogow@stud.fbi.fh-darmstadt.de
Jan Schneider jan@horde.org
Jason Keltz jas@cs.yorku.ca
Javier Fernández-Sanguino Peña jfs@computer.org
Javier Jardón jjardon@gnome.org
Jeff Bonggren jbon@cfl.rr.com
Jeff Rizzo riz@netbsd.org
Jens A. Tkotz jens@peino.de
Jens Petersen petersen@redhat.com
Jesper Fehrlund jesper@prisjakt.nu
Jiang Xin worldhello.net@gmail.com
Jim Meyering meyering@na-net.ornl.gov
Jochen Hein jochen@jochen.org
Joel Reicher joel@panacea.null.org
Johan Liljegren johan@johanliljegren.se
Jonas 'Sortie' Termansen sortie@maxsi.org
Jörg Schilling schilling@fokus.fraunhofer.de
Joey Hess joeyh@debian.org
Jonas Koch Bentzen jonas@understroem.dk
Joosep-Georg Järvemaa joosep-georg.jarvemaa_4898@eesti.ee
Jorn Baayen jbaayen@dds.nl
Josep Puigdemont baldrick@terra.es
Joshua R. Poulson jrp@plaza.ds.adp.com
Jouko Orava joorava@pcu.helsinki.fi
Jozef Riha jose1711@gmail.com
Juan Manuel Guerrero st001906@hrz1.hrz.tu-darmstadt.de
Jürgen A. Erhard jae+debian@jerhard.org
Julien Chiron julien.chiron@univ.u-3mrs.fr
Jun Sawataishi jsawa@attglobal.net
Kalle Niemitalo tosi@ees2.oulu.fi
Karl Berry kb@cs.umb.edu
Karl Chen quarl@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu
Karl Eichwalder ke@suse.de
Kaveh R. Ghazi ghazi@caip.rutgers.edu
Kenichi Handa handa@etl.go.jp
Ken Y. Clark kclark@logsoft.com
Kevin Ryde user42@zip.com.au
Kingpin mthurn@copper.dulles.tasc.com
Kiyotaka Sakai ksakai@isr.co.jp
Kouichi Hashikawa z01a7ksy@cs.ecip.tohoku.ac.jp
Larry Schwimmer rosebud@cyclone.stanford.edu
Lars Hecking lhecking@nmrc.ie
Lars Wendler polynomial-c@gentoo.org
Laurent Bourbeau bourbeau@progiciels-bpi.ca
Len Makin len@hpc.csiro.au
Leonard den Ottolander leonard@den.ottolander.nl
Leonardo Fontenelle leo.fontenelle@gmail.com
Liu Garfield jackliu9999@hotmail.com
Lorenzo Gil Sanchez lgs@sicem.biz
Luke Schierer lschiere@rackspace.com
Maciej W. Rozycki macro@ds2.pg.gda.pl
Mads Martin Joergensen mmj@suse.de
Manuel Uberti manuel@boccaperta.com
Marc Prior MarcPrior@compuserve.com
Marcel Telka marcel@telka.sk
Marcus Daniels marcus@sysc.pdx.edu
Marcus Meissner meissner@suse.de
Marin Purgar pmc@asgard.hr
Marius Schamschula mschamschula@gmail.com
Mark A. Wicks mwicks@kettering.edu
Mark D. Baushke mdb@cvshome.org
Mark Detrick Mark.Detrick@mcdata.com
Mark Eichin eichin@thok.org
Mark Junker mjscod@gmx.de
Martin Mokrejš mmokrejs@natur.cuni.cz
Martin Pitt mpitt@debian.org
Martin Quinson martin.quinson@ens-lyon.fr
Martin v. Löwis martin@loewis.home.cs.tu-berlin.de
Maryam Aly maryam@foursquare.com
Masanori Ogino masanori.ogino@gmail.com
Matt Dreezer matthew.dreezer@edl.uk.eds.com
Matthew Behrens askedrelic@gmail.com
Matthew McGillis matthew@jenika.com
Matthias Clasen mclasen@redhat.com
Mattias Ellert mattias.ellert@tsl.uu.se
Matthias Kiefer kiefer@kde.org
Max de Mendizabal max@acer.com.mx
Max Lin mlin@suse.com
Michael C. Toren mct@toren.net
Michael Felt aixtools@gmail.com
Michael Opdenacker m-opdenacker@ti.com
Michael Pyne mpyne@kde.org
Michael Schloh von Bennewitz michael.schloh@cw.com
Michael Stather michaelstather@nuzi.de
Michal Černoevič Michal.Cernoevic@pvt.cz
Michel Robitaille robitail@iro.umontreal.ca
Michele Locati michele@locati.it
Michelle Konzack linux4michelle@freenet.de
Miguel Ángel Arruga Vivas rosen644835@gmail.com
Mike Frysinger vapier@gentoo.org
Miroslaw Dobrzanski-Neumann mne@mosaic-ag.com
? mus1876@gmx.info
Nelson H. F. Beebe beebe@math.utah.edu
Nick Clifton nickc@redhat.com
Nicolas François nicolas.francois@centraliens.net
Niki Waibel niki.waibel@newlogic.com
Nils Magnus Larsgard nmlarsgaard@atmel.no
Nils Naumann naumann@unileoben.ac.at
Nina Kusnetsova nina@ns.kinetics.nsc.ru
Noah Friedman friedman@splode.com
Noah Slater nslater@gmail.com
Olly Betts olly@survex.com
O'Riva oriva@earthlink.net
Owen Taylor otaylor@redhat.com
Pablo Saratxaga pablo@mandrakesoft.com
Paolo Bonzini bonzini@gnu.org
Paul D. Smith psmith@gnu.org
Paul Eggert eggert@twinsun.com
Paul Jarc prj@po.cwru.edu
Paul Martinolich martinol@nrlssc.navy.mil
Paul Zimmermann Paul.Zimmermann@inria.fr
Pavel Kharitonov ineiev@gnu.org
Pavel Raiskup praiskup@redhat.com
Pavel Roskin proski@gnu.org
Pekka Järveläinen pj@csc.fi
Pepa cerna.zelva@seznam.cz
Perry Rapp prapp@erols.com, lifelines_3_0_18@hotmail.com
Perry Smith pedz@easesoftware.com
Peter Breitenlohner peb@mppmu.mpg.de
Peter Eisentraut peter@eisentraut.org
Pierre pierre42d@9online.fr
Philip Withnall philip@tecnocode.co.uk
Philipp Thomas pthomas@suse.de
Primoz Peterlin primoz.peterlin@biofiz.mf.uni-lj.si
Rafał Maszkowski rzm@icm.edu.pl
Ralf Corsepius rc040203@freenet.de
Ralf Menzel menzel@ls6.cs.uni-dortmund.de
Ralf Wildenhues Ralf.Wildenhues@gmx.de
Raphaël Zhou xzhou@tlmcom.fr
Recai Oktaş roktas@omu.edu.tr
Reinout van Schouwen reinout@cs.vu.nl
Reuben Thomas rrt@sc3d.org
Rhys Weatherley rweather@zip.com.au
Richard Hughes hughsient@gmail.com
Richard Lloyd richard.lloyd@connectinternetsolutions.com
Richard S. Blake blakers@presence-group.com
Richard Stallman rms@gnu.org
Rob Landley rob@landley.net
Rob Leslie rob@mars.org
Robert Millan rmh@aybabtu.com
Robert Vock RobertVock@gmx.de
Roberto Bagnara bagnara@cs.unipr.it
Rodrigo Stulzer Lopes rodrigo@conectiva.com.br
Roger Leigh rl117@york.ac.uk
Roland McGrath roland@gnu.ai.mit.edu
Ron Lee ron@debian.org
Roozbeh Pournader roozbeh@sharif.edu
Ross Golder ross@golder.org
Roumen Petrov bugtrack@roumenpetrov.info
Ryan Anderson ryan@autoweb.net
Ryan Schmidt gettext-2007b@ryandesign.com
Sakai Kiyotaka ksakai@netwk.ntt-at.co.jp
Sam Hocevar sam@zoy.org
Sam Steingold sds@gnu.org
Santiago Vila Doncel sanvila@unex.es
Sebastian Günther sguenther@gmx.de
Sergey Poznyakoff gray@mirddin.farlep.net
Sergio Talens-Oliag sto@debian.org
Shaun McCance shaunm@gnome.org
Siddhesh Poyarekar siddhesh@redhat.com
Simon Josefsson jas@extundo.com
Simon Watts swatts@ngms.eu.com
Simos Xenitellis simos74@gmx.net
Stanislav Brabec sbrabec@suse.cz
Stanislav Visnovsky visnovsky@nenya.ms.mff.cuni.cz
Stefan Hundhammer sh@suse.de
Stefan Kost kost@imn.htwk-leipzig.de
Stefan Kowski stefan.kowski@parks-informatik.de
Stefan Nordhausen nordhaus@informatik.hu-berlin.de
Stefano Lattarini stefano.lattarini@gmail.com
Steffen Macke sdteffen@gmail.com
Stepan Kasal kasal@math.cas.cz
Stephan Kulow coolo@kde.org
Stephane Matamontero stephane.matamontero@gemodek.de
Stephen Cartwright sgcartwr@ucalgary.ca
Stephen Gildea gildea@stop.mail-abuse.org
Steve Ellcey sellcey@mips.com
Steven Edwards Steven_Ed4153@yahoo.com
Svante Seleborg svante@axantum.com
Sven Joachim sven_joachim@web.de
Sven Utcke utcke@informatik.uni-hamburg.de
Sylvain Beucler beuc@gnu.org
Thomas E. Dickey dickey@clark.net
Thomas Vander Stichele thomas@apestaart.org
Thorsten Kukuk kukuk@suse.de
Thorsten Maerz torte@netztorte.de
Tim Mooney mooney@dogbert.cc.ndsu.nodak.edu
Tim Van Holder tim.van.holder@pandora.be
Tom Tromey tromey@cygnus.com
Tommy mesilliac@gmail.com
Tommy Johansson tommy@kanalen.org
Tor Lillqvist tml@iki.fi
Trond Eivind Glomsrød teg@redhat.com
Uwe Ohse uwe@tirka.gun.de
Vaclav Haisman V.Haisman@sh.cvut.cz
Václav Slavík vaclav@slavik.io
Valery Beaud valery.beaud@art.alcatel.fr
Vera Mickael vera.mickael@free.fr
Veronica Loell info@nakawe.se
Vincent Torri vtorri@univ-evry.fr
Volodymyr M. Lisivka lvm@mystery.lviv.net
Wang Jian lark@linux.net.cn
Warren L Dodge warrend@mdhost.cse.tek.com
Werner Koch wk@gnupg.org
Werner Lemberg wl@gnu.org
Wesley J. Landaker wjl@icecavern.net
William J Poser wjposer@ldc.upenn.edu
Will Newton will.newton@linaro.org
Wojciech Polak polak@gnu.org
Xiong Jiang jxiong@offtopic.org
Yann Dirson ydirson@altern.org
Yaakov Selkowitz yselkowi@redhat.com
Yves Codet ycodet@club-internet.fr
Thanks to all members of the translation teams for the different
languages.

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Authors of GNU MP (in chronological order of initial contribution)
Torbjörn Granlund Main author
John Amanatides Original version of mpz/pprime_p.c
Paul Zimmermann mpn/generic/mul_fft.c, now defunct dc_divrem_n.c,
rootrem.c, old mpz/powm.c, old toom3 code.
Ken Weber Now defunct mpn/generic/bdivmod.c, old mpn/generic/gcd.c
Bennet Yee Previous versions of mpz/jacobi.c mpz/legendre.c
Andreas Schwab mpn/m68k/lshift.asm, mpn/m68k/rshift.asm
Robert Harley Old mpn/generic/mul_n.c, previous versions of files in
mpn/arm
Linus Nordberg Random number framework, original autoconfery
Kent Boortz MacOS 9 port, now defunct.
Kevin Ryde Most x86 assembly, new autoconfery, and countless other
things (please see the GMP manual for complete list)
Gerardo Ballabio gmpxx.h and C++ istream input
Pedro Gimeno Mersenne Twister random generator, other random number
revisions
Jason Moxham Previous versions of mpz/fac_ui.c and gen-fac_ui.c
Niels Möller gen-jacobitab.c,
mpn/generic/hgcd2.c, hgcd.c, hgcd_step.c,
hgcd_appr.c, hgcd_matrix.c, hgcd_reduce.c,
gcd.c, gcd_11.c, gcd_22.c, gcdext.c, matrix22_mul.c,
gcdext_1.c, gcd_subdiv_step.c, gcd_lehmer.c,
gcdext_subdiv_step.c, gcdext_lehmer.c,
jacobi_2.c, jacbase.c, hgcd_jacobi.c, hgcd2_jacobi.c,
matrix22_mul1_inverse_vector.c,
toom_interpolate_7pts, mulmod_bnm1.c, dcpi1_bdiv_qr.c,
dcpi1_bdiv_q.c, sbpi1_bdiv_qr.c, sbpi1_bdiv_q.c,
sec_invert.c,
toom_eval_dgr3_pm1.c, toom_eval_dgr3_pm2.c,
toom_eval_pm1.c, toom_eval_pm2.c, toom_eval_pm2exp.c,
divexact.c, mod_1_1.c, div_qr_2.c,
div_qr_2n_pi1.c, div_qr_2u_pi1.c, broot.c,
brootinv.c,
mpn/x86/k7/invert_limb.asm, mod_1_1.asm,
mpn/x86_64/invert_limb.asm,
invert_limb_table.asm, mod_1_1.asm,
div_qr_2n_pi1.asm, div_qr_2u_pi1.asm,
mpn/x86_64/core2/aorsmul_1.asm,
mpz/nextprime.c, divexact.c, gcd.c, gcdext.c,
jacobi.c, combit.c, mini-gmp/mini-gmp.c.
Marco Bodrato mpn/generic/toom44_mul.c, toom4_sqr.c, toom53_mul.c,
toom62_mul.c, toom43_mul.c, toom52_mul.c, toom54_mul.c,
toom_interpolate_6pts.c, toom_couple_handling.c,
toom63_mul.c, toom_interpolate_8pts.c,
toom6h_mul.c, toom6_sqr.c, toom_interpolate_12pts.c,
toom8h_mul.c, toom8_sqr.c, toom_interpolate_16pts.c,
mulmod_bnm1.c, sqrmod_bnm1.c, nussbaumer_mul.c,
toom_eval_pm2.c, toom_eval_pm2rexp.c,
fib2m.c, strongfibo.c, mulmod_bknp1.c,
mullo_n.c, sqrlo.c, invert.c, invertappr.c;
mpn/x86/atom/aors_n.asm, aorslshC_n.asm,
aorrlsh{1,2,C}_n.asm, aorsmul_1.asm, logops_n.asm,
sublsh2_n.asm, rshift.asm; primesieve.c;
mpz/fac_ui.c, 2fac_ui.c, mfac_uiui.c, oddfac_1.c,
primorial_ui.c, prodlimbs.c, bin_ui.c,
lucmod.c, stronglucas.c,
goetgheluck_bin_uiui.c; mini-gmp/mini-mpq.c.
David Harvey mpn/generic/add_err1_n.c, add_err2_n.c,
add_err3_n.c, sub_err1_n.c, sub_err2_n.c,
sub_err3_n.c, mulmid_basecase.c, mulmid_n.c,
toom42_mulmid.c,
mpn/x86_64/mul_basecase.asm, aors_err1_n.asm,
aors_err2_n.asm, aors_err3_n.asm,
mulmid_basecase.asm,
mpn/x86_64/core2/aors_err1_n.asm.
Martin Boij mpn/generic/perfpow.c
Marc Glisse gmpxx.h improvements
David Miller mpn/sparc32/ultrasparct1/{addmul_1,mul_1,submul_1}.asm
mpn/sparc64/ultrasparct3/{mul_1,addmul_1,submul_1}.asm
mpn/sparc64/ultrasparct3/{add_n,sub_n}.asm
mpn/sparc64/ultrasparct3/{popcount,hamdist}.asm
mpn/sparc64/ultrasparct3/cnd_aors_n.asm
mpn/sparc64/{rshift,lshift,lshiftc}.asm
mpn/sparc64/tabselect.asm
Mark Sofroniou mpn/generic/mul_fft.c type cleanup.
Ulrich Weigand Changes to support powerpc64le:
configure.ac, mpn/powerpc64/{elf,aix,darwin}.m4,
mpn/powerpc32/{darwin,elf}.m4,
mpn/powerpc64/mode64/{dive_1,divrem_1,divrem_2}.asm,
mpn/powerpc64/mode64/{gcd_1,invert_limb,mode1o}.asm,
mpn/powerpc64/mode64/{mod_1_1,mod_1_4}.asm,
mpn/powerpc64/mode64/p7/gcd_1.asm,
mpn/powerpc64/p6/{lshift,lshiftc,rshift}.asm,
mpn/powerpc64/vmx/popcount.asm.
Seth Troisi mpz/nextprime.c general speed-up and prevprime.
Marius Hillenbrand mpn/s390_64/z13/*.c (later used as basis for asm code)

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Nothing in this License shall be construed as excluding or limiting
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THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY
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END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
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To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest
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state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
<one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.>
Copyright (C) <year> <name of author>
This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short
notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:
<program> Copyright (C) <year> <name of author>
This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate
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might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an "about box".
You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school,
if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary.
For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see
<http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program
into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you
may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with
the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General
Public License instead of this License. But first, please read
<http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html>.

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GNU LESSER GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
Version 3, 29 June 2007
Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. <http://fsf.org/>
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
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e) Provide Installation Information, but only if you would otherwise
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5. Combined Libraries.
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b) Give prominent notice with the combined library that part of it
is a work based on the Library, and explaining where to find the
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6. Revised Versions of the GNU Lesser General Public License.
The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions
of the GNU Lesser General Public License from time to time. Such new
versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.
Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the
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General Public License ever published by the Free Software Foundation.
If the Library as you received it specifies that a proxy can decide
whether future versions of the GNU Lesser General Public License shall
apply, that proxy's public statement of acceptance of any version is
permanent authorization for you to choose that version for the
Library.

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GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
Version 2, June 1991
Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
Preamble
The licenses for most software are designed to take away your
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software--to make sure the software is free for all its users. This
General Public License applies to most of the Free Software
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using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by
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When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
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We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and
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Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software
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The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and
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GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION
0. This License applies to any program or other work which contains
a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed
under the terms of this General Public License. The "Program", below,
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Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not
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Whether that is true depends on what the Program does.
1. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's
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conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate
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notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty;
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along with the Program.
You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and
you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee.
2. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion
of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and
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above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:
a) You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices
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b) You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in
whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any
part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third
parties under the terms of this License.
c) If the modified program normally reads commands interactively
when run, you must cause it, when started running for such
interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an
announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a
notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide
a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under
these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this
License. (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but
does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on
the Program is not required to print an announcement.)
These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If
identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program,
and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in
themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those
sections when you distribute them as separate works. But when you
distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based
on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of
this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the
entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it.
Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest
your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to
exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or
collective works based on the Program.
In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program
with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of
a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under
the scope of this License.
3. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it,
under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of
Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following:
a) Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable
source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections
1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,
b) Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three
years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your
cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete
machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be
distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium
customarily used for software interchange; or,
c) Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer
to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is
allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you
received the program in object code or executable form with such
an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.)
The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for
making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete source
code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any
associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to
control compilation and installation of the executable. However, as a
special exception, the source code distributed need not include
anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary
form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the
operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component
itself accompanies the executable.
If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering
access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent
access to copy the source code from the same place counts as
distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not
compelled to copy the source along with the object code.
4. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program
except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt
otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is
void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under
this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
parties remain in full compliance.
5. You are not required to accept this License, since you have not
signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or
distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions are
prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by
modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the
Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and
all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying
the Program or works based on it.
6. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the
Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the
original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to
these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further
restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein.
You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to
this License.
7. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent
infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues),
conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or
otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not
excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot
distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this
License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you
may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent
license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by
all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then
the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to
refrain entirely from distribution of the Program.
If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under
any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to
apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other
circumstances.
It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any
patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any
such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the
integrity of the free software distribution system, which is
implemented by public license practices. Many people have made
generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed
through that system in reliance on consistent application of that
system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing
to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot
impose that choice.
This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to
be a consequence of the rest of this License.
8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in
certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the
original copyright holder who places the Program under this License
may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding
those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among
countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates
the limitation as if written in the body of this License.
9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions
of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will
be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to
address new problems or concerns.
Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program
specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and "any
later version", you have the option of following the terms and conditions
either of that version or of any later version published by the Free
Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of
this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software
Foundation.
10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free
programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author
to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free
Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes
make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals
of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and
of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally.
NO WARRANTY
11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY
FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN
OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES
PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED
OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS
TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE
PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING,
REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING
WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR
REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES,
INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING
OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED
TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY
YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER
PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE
POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest
to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
<one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.>
Copyright (C) <year> <name of author>
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this
when it starts in an interactive mode:
Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) year name of author
Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate
parts of the General Public License. Of course, the commands you use may
be called something other than `show w' and `show c'; they could even be
mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your program.
You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your
school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if
necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names:
Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program
`Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker.
<signature of Ty Coon>, 1 April 1989
Ty Coon, President of Vice
This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into
proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may
consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the
library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General
Public License instead of this License.

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,674 @@
GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
Version 3, 29 June 2007
Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. <http://fsf.org/>
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
Preamble
The GNU General Public License is a free, copyleft license for
software and other kinds of works.
The licenses for most software and other practical works are designed
to take away your freedom to share and change the works. By contrast,
the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to
share and change all versions of a program--to make sure it remains free
software for all its users. We, the Free Software Foundation, use the
GNU General Public License for most of our software; it applies also to
any other work released this way by its authors. You can apply it to
your programs, too.
When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you
have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for
them if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you
want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new
free programs, and that you know you can do these things.
To protect your rights, we need to prevent others from denying you
these rights or asking you to surrender the rights. Therefore, you have
certain responsibilities if you distribute copies of the software, or if
you modify it: responsibilities to respect the freedom of others.
For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether
gratis or for a fee, you must pass on to the recipients the same
freedoms that you received. You must make sure that they, too, receive
or can get the source code. And you must show them these terms so they
know their rights.
Developers that use the GNU GPL protect your rights with two steps:
(1) assert copyright on the software, and (2) offer you this License
giving you legal permission to copy, distribute and/or modify it.
For the developers' and authors' protection, the GPL clearly explains
that there is no warranty for this free software. For both users' and
authors' sake, the GPL requires that modified versions be marked as
changed, so that their problems will not be attributed erroneously to
authors of previous versions.
Some devices are designed to deny users access to install or run
modified versions of the software inside them, although the manufacturer
can do so. This is fundamentally incompatible with the aim of
protecting users' freedom to change the software. The systematic
pattern of such abuse occurs in the area of products for individuals to
use, which is precisely where it is most unacceptable. Therefore, we
have designed this version of the GPL to prohibit the practice for those
products. If such problems arise substantially in other domains, we
stand ready to extend this provision to those domains in future versions
of the GPL, as needed to protect the freedom of users.
Finally, every program is threatened constantly by software patents.
States should not allow patents to restrict development and use of
software on general-purpose computers, but in those that do, we wish to
avoid the special danger that patents applied to a free program could
make it effectively proprietary. To prevent this, the GPL assures that
patents cannot be used to render the program non-free.
The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and
modification follow.
TERMS AND CONDITIONS
0. Definitions.
"This License" refers to version 3 of the GNU General Public License.
"Copyright" also means copyright-like laws that apply to other kinds of
works, such as semiconductor masks.
"The Program" refers to any copyrightable work licensed under this
License. Each licensee is addressed as "you". "Licensees" and
"recipients" may be individuals or organizations.
To "modify" a work means to copy from or adapt all or part of the work
in a fashion requiring copyright permission, other than the making of an
exact copy. The resulting work is called a "modified version" of the
earlier work or a work "based on" the earlier work.
A "covered work" means either the unmodified Program or a work based
on the Program.
To "propagate" a work means to do anything with it that, without
permission, would make you directly or secondarily liable for
infringement under applicable copyright law, except executing it on a
computer or modifying a private copy. Propagation includes copying,
distribution (with or without modification), making available to the
public, and in some countries other activities as well.
To "convey" a work means any kind of propagation that enables other
parties to make or receive copies. Mere interaction with a user through
a computer network, with no transfer of a copy, is not conveying.
An interactive user interface displays "Appropriate Legal Notices"
to the extent that it includes a convenient and prominently visible
feature that (1) displays an appropriate copyright notice, and (2)
tells the user that there is no warranty for the work (except to the
extent that warranties are provided), that licensees may convey the
work under this License, and how to view a copy of this License. If
the interface presents a list of user commands or options, such as a
menu, a prominent item in the list meets this criterion.
1. Source Code.
The "source code" for a work means the preferred form of the work
for making modifications to it. "Object code" means any non-source
form of a work.
A "Standard Interface" means an interface that either is an official
standard defined by a recognized standards body, or, in the case of
interfaces specified for a particular programming language, one that
is widely used among developers working in that language.
The "System Libraries" of an executable work include anything, other
than the work as a whole, that (a) is included in the normal form of
packaging a Major Component, but which is not part of that Major
Component, and (b) serves only to enable use of the work with that
Major Component, or to implement a Standard Interface for which an
implementation is available to the public in source code form. A
"Major Component", in this context, means a major essential component
(kernel, window system, and so on) of the specific operating system
(if any) on which the executable work runs, or a compiler used to
produce the work, or an object code interpreter used to run it.
The "Corresponding Source" for a work in object code form means all
the source code needed to generate, install, and (for an executable
work) run the object code and to modify the work, including scripts to
control those activities. However, it does not include the work's
System Libraries, or general-purpose tools or generally available free
programs which are used unmodified in performing those activities but
which are not part of the work. For example, Corresponding Source
includes interface definition files associated with source files for
the work, and the source code for shared libraries and dynamically
linked subprograms that the work is specifically designed to require,
such as by intimate data communication or control flow between those
subprograms and other parts of the work.
The Corresponding Source need not include anything that users
can regenerate automatically from other parts of the Corresponding
Source.
The Corresponding Source for a work in source code form is that
same work.
2. Basic Permissions.
All rights granted under this License are granted for the term of
copyright on the Program, and are irrevocable provided the stated
conditions are met. This License explicitly affirms your unlimited
permission to run the unmodified Program. The output from running a
covered work is covered by this License only if the output, given its
content, constitutes a covered work. This License acknowledges your
rights of fair use or other equivalent, as provided by copyright law.
You may make, run and propagate covered works that you do not
convey, without conditions so long as your license otherwise remains
in force. You may convey covered works to others for the sole purpose
of having them make modifications exclusively for you, or provide you
with facilities for running those works, provided that you comply with
the terms of this License in conveying all material for which you do
not control copyright. Those thus making or running the covered works
for you must do so exclusively on your behalf, under your direction
and control, on terms that prohibit them from making any copies of
your copyrighted material outside their relationship with you.
Conveying under any other circumstances is permitted solely under
the conditions stated below. Sublicensing is not allowed; section 10
makes it unnecessary.
3. Protecting Users' Legal Rights From Anti-Circumvention Law.
No covered work shall be deemed part of an effective technological
measure under any applicable law fulfilling obligations under article
11 of the WIPO copyright treaty adopted on 20 December 1996, or
similar laws prohibiting or restricting circumvention of such
measures.
When you convey a covered work, you waive any legal power to forbid
circumvention of technological measures to the extent such circumvention
is effected by exercising rights under this License with respect to
the covered work, and you disclaim any intention to limit operation or
modification of the work as a means of enforcing, against the work's
users, your or third parties' legal rights to forbid circumvention of
technological measures.
4. Conveying Verbatim Copies.
You may convey verbatim copies of the Program's source code as you
receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously and
appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice;
keep intact all notices stating that this License and any
non-permissive terms added in accord with section 7 apply to the code;
keep intact all notices of the absence of any warranty; and give all
recipients a copy of this License along with the Program.
You may charge any price or no price for each copy that you convey,
and you may offer support or warranty protection for a fee.
5. Conveying Modified Source Versions.
You may convey a work based on the Program, or the modifications to
produce it from the Program, in the form of source code under the
terms of section 4, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:
a) The work must carry prominent notices stating that you modified
it, and giving a relevant date.
b) The work must carry prominent notices stating that it is
released under this License and any conditions added under section
7. This requirement modifies the requirement in section 4 to
"keep intact all notices".
c) You must license the entire work, as a whole, under this
License to anyone who comes into possession of a copy. This
License will therefore apply, along with any applicable section 7
additional terms, to the whole of the work, and all its parts,
regardless of how they are packaged. This License gives no
permission to license the work in any other way, but it does not
invalidate such permission if you have separately received it.
d) If the work has interactive user interfaces, each must display
Appropriate Legal Notices; however, if the Program has interactive
interfaces that do not display Appropriate Legal Notices, your
work need not make them do so.
A compilation of a covered work with other separate and independent
works, which are not by their nature extensions of the covered work,
and which are not combined with it such as to form a larger program,
in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is called an
"aggregate" if the compilation and its resulting copyright are not
used to limit the access or legal rights of the compilation's users
beyond what the individual works permit. Inclusion of a covered work
in an aggregate does not cause this License to apply to the other
parts of the aggregate.
6. Conveying Non-Source Forms.
You may convey a covered work in object code form under the terms
of sections 4 and 5, provided that you also convey the
machine-readable Corresponding Source under the terms of this License,
in one of these ways:
a) Convey the object code in, or embodied in, a physical product
(including a physical distribution medium), accompanied by the
Corresponding Source fixed on a durable physical medium
customarily used for software interchange.
b) Convey the object code in, or embodied in, a physical product
(including a physical distribution medium), accompanied by a
written offer, valid for at least three years and valid for as
long as you offer spare parts or customer support for that product
model, to give anyone who possesses the object code either (1) a
copy of the Corresponding Source for all the software in the
product that is covered by this License, on a durable physical
medium customarily used for software interchange, for a price no
more than your reasonable cost of physically performing this
conveying of source, or (2) access to copy the
Corresponding Source from a network server at no charge.
c) Convey individual copies of the object code with a copy of the
written offer to provide the Corresponding Source. This
alternative is allowed only occasionally and noncommercially, and
only if you received the object code with such an offer, in accord
with subsection 6b.
d) Convey the object code by offering access from a designated
place (gratis or for a charge), and offer equivalent access to the
Corresponding Source in the same way through the same place at no
further charge. You need not require recipients to copy the
Corresponding Source along with the object code. If the place to
copy the object code is a network server, the Corresponding Source
may be on a different server (operated by you or a third party)
that supports equivalent copying facilities, provided you maintain
clear directions next to the object code saying where to find the
Corresponding Source. Regardless of what server hosts the
Corresponding Source, you remain obligated to ensure that it is
available for as long as needed to satisfy these requirements.
e) Convey the object code using peer-to-peer transmission, provided
you inform other peers where the object code and Corresponding
Source of the work are being offered to the general public at no
charge under subsection 6d.
A separable portion of the object code, whose source code is excluded
from the Corresponding Source as a System Library, need not be
included in conveying the object code work.
A "User Product" is either (1) a "consumer product", which means any
tangible personal property which is normally used for personal, family,
or household purposes, or (2) anything designed or sold for incorporation
into a dwelling. In determining whether a product is a consumer product,
doubtful cases shall be resolved in favor of coverage. For a particular
product received by a particular user, "normally used" refers to a
typical or common use of that class of product, regardless of the status
of the particular user or of the way in which the particular user
actually uses, or expects or is expected to use, the product. A product
is a consumer product regardless of whether the product has substantial
commercial, industrial or non-consumer uses, unless such uses represent
the only significant mode of use of the product.
"Installation Information" for a User Product means any methods,
procedures, authorization keys, or other information required to install
and execute modified versions of a covered work in that User Product from
a modified version of its Corresponding Source. The information must
suffice to ensure that the continued functioning of the modified object
code is in no case prevented or interfered with solely because
modification has been made.
If you convey an object code work under this section in, or with, or
specifically for use in, a User Product, and the conveying occurs as
part of a transaction in which the right of possession and use of the
User Product is transferred to the recipient in perpetuity or for a
fixed term (regardless of how the transaction is characterized), the
Corresponding Source conveyed under this section must be accompanied
by the Installation Information. But this requirement does not apply
if neither you nor any third party retains the ability to install
modified object code on the User Product (for example, the work has
been installed in ROM).
The requirement to provide Installation Information does not include a
requirement to continue to provide support service, warranty, or updates
for a work that has been modified or installed by the recipient, or for
the User Product in which it has been modified or installed. Access to a
network may be denied when the modification itself materially and
adversely affects the operation of the network or violates the rules and
protocols for communication across the network.
Corresponding Source conveyed, and Installation Information provided,
in accord with this section must be in a format that is publicly
documented (and with an implementation available to the public in
source code form), and must require no special password or key for
unpacking, reading or copying.
7. Additional Terms.
"Additional permissions" are terms that supplement the terms of this
License by making exceptions from one or more of its conditions.
Additional permissions that are applicable to the entire Program shall
be treated as though they were included in this License, to the extent
that they are valid under applicable law. If additional permissions
apply only to part of the Program, that part may be used separately
under those permissions, but the entire Program remains governed by
this License without regard to the additional permissions.
When you convey a copy of a covered work, you may at your option
remove any additional permissions from that copy, or from any part of
it. (Additional permissions may be written to require their own
removal in certain cases when you modify the work.) You may place
additional permissions on material, added by you to a covered work,
for which you have or can give appropriate copyright permission.
Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, for material you
add to a covered work, you may (if authorized by the copyright holders of
that material) supplement the terms of this License with terms:
a) Disclaiming warranty or limiting liability differently from the
terms of sections 15 and 16 of this License; or
b) Requiring preservation of specified reasonable legal notices or
author attributions in that material or in the Appropriate Legal
Notices displayed by works containing it; or
c) Prohibiting misrepresentation of the origin of that material, or
requiring that modified versions of such material be marked in
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it) with contractual assumptions of liability to the recipient, for
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those licensors and authors.
All other non-permissive additional terms are considered "further
restrictions" within the meaning of section 10. If the Program as you
received it, or any part of it, contains a notice stating that it is
governed by this License along with a term that is a further
restriction, you may remove that term. If a license document contains
a further restriction but permits relicensing or conveying under this
License, you may add to a covered work material governed by the terms
of that license document, provided that the further restriction does
not survive such relicensing or conveying.
If you add terms to a covered work in accord with this section, you
must place, in the relevant source files, a statement of the
additional terms that apply to those files, or a notice indicating
where to find the applicable terms.
Additional terms, permissive or non-permissive, may be stated in the
form of a separately written license, or stated as exceptions;
the above requirements apply either way.
8. Termination.
You may not propagate or modify a covered work except as expressly
provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to propagate or
modify it is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under
this License (including any patent licenses granted under the third
paragraph of section 11).
However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your
license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a)
provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and
finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright
holder fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means
prior to 60 days after the cessation.
Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is
reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the
violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have
received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that
copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after
your receipt of the notice.
Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the
licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under
this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently
reinstated, you do not qualify to receive new licenses for the same
material under section 10.
9. Acceptance Not Required for Having Copies.
You are not required to accept this License in order to receive or
run a copy of the Program. Ancillary propagation of a covered work
occurring solely as a consequence of using peer-to-peer transmission
to receive a copy likewise does not require acceptance. However,
nothing other than this License grants you permission to propagate or
modify any covered work. These actions infringe copyright if you do
not accept this License. Therefore, by modifying or propagating a
covered work, you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so.
10. Automatic Licensing of Downstream Recipients.
Each time you convey a covered work, the recipient automatically
receives a license from the original licensors, to run, modify and
propagate that work, subject to this License. You are not responsible
for enforcing compliance by third parties with this License.
An "entity transaction" is a transaction transferring control of an
organization, or substantially all assets of one, or subdividing an
organization, or merging organizations. If propagation of a covered
work results from an entity transaction, each party to that
transaction who receives a copy of the work also receives whatever
licenses to the work the party's predecessor in interest had or could
give under the previous paragraph, plus a right to possession of the
Corresponding Source of the work from the predecessor in interest, if
the predecessor has it or can get it with reasonable efforts.
You may not impose any further restrictions on the exercise of the
rights granted or affirmed under this License. For example, you may
not impose a license fee, royalty, or other charge for exercise of
rights granted under this License, and you may not initiate litigation
(including a cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that
any patent claim is infringed by making, using, selling, offering for
sale, or importing the Program or any portion of it.
11. Patents.
A "contributor" is a copyright holder who authorizes use under this
License of the Program or a work on which the Program is based. The
work thus licensed is called the contributor's "contributor version".
A contributor's "essential patent claims" are all patent claims
owned or controlled by the contributor, whether already acquired or
hereafter acquired, that would be infringed by some manner, permitted
by this License, of making, using, or selling its contributor version,
but do not include claims that would be infringed only as a
consequence of further modification of the contributor version. For
purposes of this definition, "control" includes the right to grant
patent sublicenses in a manner consistent with the requirements of
this License.
Each contributor grants you a non-exclusive, worldwide, royalty-free
patent license under the contributor's essential patent claims, to
make, use, sell, offer for sale, import and otherwise run, modify and
propagate the contents of its contributor version.
In the following three paragraphs, a "patent license" is any express
agreement or commitment, however denominated, not to enforce a patent
(such as an express permission to practice a patent or covenant not to
sue for patent infringement). To "grant" such a patent license to a
party means to make such an agreement or commitment not to enforce a
patent against the party.
If you convey a covered work, knowingly relying on a patent license,
and the Corresponding Source of the work is not available for anyone
to copy, free of charge and under the terms of this License, through a
publicly available network server or other readily accessible means,
then you must either (1) cause the Corresponding Source to be so
available, or (2) arrange to deprive yourself of the benefit of the
patent license for this particular work, or (3) arrange, in a manner
consistent with the requirements of this License, to extend the patent
license to downstream recipients. "Knowingly relying" means you have
actual knowledge that, but for the patent license, your conveying the
covered work in a country, or your recipient's use of the covered work
in a country, would infringe one or more identifiable patents in that
country that you have reason to believe are valid.
If, pursuant to or in connection with a single transaction or
arrangement, you convey, or propagate by procuring conveyance of, a
covered work, and grant a patent license to some of the parties
receiving the covered work authorizing them to use, propagate, modify
or convey a specific copy of the covered work, then the patent license
you grant is automatically extended to all recipients of the covered
work and works based on it.
A patent license is "discriminatory" if it does not include within
the scope of its coverage, prohibits the exercise of, or is
conditioned on the non-exercise of one or more of the rights that are
specifically granted under this License. You may not convey a covered
work if you are a party to an arrangement with a third party that is
in the business of distributing software, under which you make payment
to the third party based on the extent of your activity of conveying
the work, and under which the third party grants, to any of the
parties who would receive the covered work from you, a discriminatory
patent license (a) in connection with copies of the covered work
conveyed by you (or copies made from those copies), or (b) primarily
for and in connection with specific products or compilations that
contain the covered work, unless you entered into that arrangement,
or that patent license was granted, prior to 28 March 2007.
Nothing in this License shall be construed as excluding or limiting
any implied license or other defenses to infringement that may
otherwise be available to you under applicable patent law.
12. No Surrender of Others' Freedom.
If conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or
otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not
excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot convey a
covered work so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this
License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may
not convey it at all. For example, if you agree to terms that obligate you
to collect a royalty for further conveying from those to whom you convey
the Program, the only way you could satisfy both those terms and this
License would be to refrain entirely from conveying the Program.
13. Use with the GNU Affero General Public License.
Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, you have
permission to link or combine any covered work with a work licensed
under version 3 of the GNU Affero General Public License into a single
combined work, and to convey the resulting work. The terms of this
License will continue to apply to the part which is the covered work,
but the special requirements of the GNU Affero General Public License,
section 13, concerning interaction through a network will apply to the
combination as such.
14. Revised Versions of this License.
The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of
the GNU General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will
be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to
address new problems or concerns.
Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the
Program specifies that a certain numbered version of the GNU General
Public License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the
option of following the terms and conditions either of that numbered
version or of any later version published by the Free Software
Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of the
GNU General Public License, you may choose any version ever published
by the Free Software Foundation.
If the Program specifies that a proxy can decide which future
versions of the GNU General Public License can be used, that proxy's
public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you
to choose that version for the Program.
Later license versions may give you additional or different
permissions. However, no additional obligations are imposed on any
author or copyright holder as a result of your choosing to follow a
later version.
15. Disclaimer of Warranty.
THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY
APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT
HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY
OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM
IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF
ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
16. Limitation of Liability.
IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING
WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MODIFIES AND/OR CONVEYS
THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY
GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE
USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF
DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD
PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS),
EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
SUCH DAMAGES.
17. Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16.
If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided
above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms,
reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates
an absolute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the
Program, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a
copy of the Program in return for a fee.
END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest
to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
<one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.>
Copyright (C) <year> <name of author>
This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short
notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:
<program> Copyright (C) <year> <name of author>
This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate
parts of the General Public License. Of course, your program's commands
might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an "about box".
You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school,
if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary.
For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see
<https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program
into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you
may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with
the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General
Public License instead of this License. But first, please read
<https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html>.

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Copyright 1991, 1996, 1999, 2000, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This file is part of the GNU MP Library.
The GNU MP Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of either:
* the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or (at your
option) any later version.
or
* the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any
later version.
or both in parallel, as here.
The GNU MP Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY
or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License
for more details.
You should have received copies of the GNU General Public License and the
GNU Lesser General Public License along with the GNU MP Library. If not,
see https://www.gnu.org/licenses/.
THE GNU MP LIBRARY
GNU MP is a library for arbitrary precision arithmetic, operating on signed
integers, rational numbers, and floating point numbers. It has a rich set of
functions, and the functions have a regular interface.
GNU MP is designed to be as fast as possible, both for small operands and huge
operands. The speed is achieved by using fullwords as the basic arithmetic
type, by using fast algorithms, with carefully optimized assembly code for the
most common inner loops for lots of CPUs, and by a general emphasis on speed
(instead of simplicity or elegance).
GNU MP is believed to be faster than any other similar library. Its advantage
increases with operand sizes for certain operations, since GNU MP in many
cases has asymptotically faster algorithms.
GNU MP is free software and may be freely copied on the terms contained in the
files COPYING* (see the manual for information on which license(s) applies to
which components of GNU MP).
OVERVIEW OF GNU MP
There are four classes of functions in GNU MP.
1. Signed integer arithmetic functions (mpz). These functions are intended
to be easy to use, with their regular interface. The associated type is
`mpz_t'.
2. Rational arithmetic functions (mpq). For now, just a small set of
functions necessary for basic rational arithmetics. The associated type
is `mpq_t'.
3. Floating-point arithmetic functions (mpf). If the C type `double'
doesn't give enough precision for your application, declare your
variables as `mpf_t' instead, set the precision to any number desired,
and call the functions in the mpf class for the arithmetic operations.
4. Positive-integer, hard-to-use, very low overhead functions are in the
mpn class. No memory management is performed. The caller must ensure
enough space is available for the results. The set of functions is not
regular, nor is the calling interface. These functions accept input
arguments in the form of pairs consisting of a pointer to the least
significant word, and an integral size telling how many limbs (= words)
the pointer points to.
Almost all calculations, in the entire package, are made by calling these
low-level functions.
For more information on how to use GNU MP, please refer to the documentation.
It is composed from the file doc/gmp.texi, and can be displayed on the screen
or printed. How to do that, as well how to build the library, is described in
the INSTALL file in this directory.
REPORTING BUGS
If you find a bug in the library, please make sure to tell us about it!
You should first check the GNU MP web pages at https://gmplib.org/, under
"Status of the current release". There will be patches for all known serious
bugs there.
Report bugs to gmp-bugs@gmplib.org. What information is needed in a useful bug
report is described in the manual. The same address can be used for suggesting
modifications and enhancements.
----------------
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GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
Version 2, June 1991
Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
Preamble
The licenses for most software are designed to take away your
freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public
License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free
software--to make sure the software is free for all its users. This
General Public License applies to most of the Free Software
Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to
using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by
the GNU Library General Public License instead.) You can apply it to
your programs, too.
When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you
have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for
this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it
if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it
in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things.
To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid
anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights.
These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you
distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it.
For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether
gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that
you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the
source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their
rights.
We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and
(2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy,
distribute and/or modify the software.
Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain
that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free
software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we
want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so
that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original
authors' reputations.
Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software
patents. We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free
program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the
program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any
patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all.
The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and
modification follow.
GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION
0. This License applies to any program or other work which contains
a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed
under the terms of this General Public License. The "Program", below,
refers to any such program or work, and a "work based on the Program"
means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law:
that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it,
either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another
language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in
the term "modification".) Each licensee is addressed as "you".
Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not
covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of
running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program
is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the
Program (independent of having been made by running the Program).
Whether that is true depends on what the Program does.
1. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's
source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you
conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate
copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the
notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty;
and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License
along with the Program.
You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and
you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee.
2. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion
of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and
distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1
above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:
a) You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices
stating that you changed the files and the date of any change.
b) You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in
whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any
part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third
parties under the terms of this License.
c) If the modified program normally reads commands interactively
when run, you must cause it, when started running for such
interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an
announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a
notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide
a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under
these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this
License. (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but
does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on
the Program is not required to print an announcement.)
These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If
identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program,
and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in
themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those
sections when you distribute them as separate works. But when you
distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based
on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of
this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the
entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it.
Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest
your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to
exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or
collective works based on the Program.
In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program
with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of
a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under
the scope of this License.
3. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it,
under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of
Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following:
a) Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable
source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections
1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,
b) Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three
years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your
cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete
machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be
distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium
customarily used for software interchange; or,
c) Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer
to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is
allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you
received the program in object code or executable form with such
an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.)
The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for
making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete source
code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any
associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to
control compilation and installation of the executable. However, as a
special exception, the source code distributed need not include
anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary
form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the
operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component
itself accompanies the executable.
If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering
access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent
access to copy the source code from the same place counts as
distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not
compelled to copy the source along with the object code.
4. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program
except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt
otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is
void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under
this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
parties remain in full compliance.
5. You are not required to accept this License, since you have not
signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or
distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions are
prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by
modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the
Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and
all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying
the Program or works based on it.
6. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the
Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the
original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to
these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further
restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein.
You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to
this License.
7. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent
infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues),
conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or
otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not
excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot
distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this
License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you
may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent
license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by
all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then
the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to
refrain entirely from distribution of the Program.
If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under
any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to
apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other
circumstances.
It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any
patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any
such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the
integrity of the free software distribution system, which is
implemented by public license practices. Many people have made
generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed
through that system in reliance on consistent application of that
system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing
to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot
impose that choice.
This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to
be a consequence of the rest of this License.
8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in
certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the
original copyright holder who places the Program under this License
may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding
those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among
countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates
the limitation as if written in the body of this License.
9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions
of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will
be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to
address new problems or concerns.
Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program
specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and "any
later version", you have the option of following the terms and conditions
either of that version or of any later version published by the Free
Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of
this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software
Foundation.
10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free
programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author
to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free
Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes
make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals
of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and
of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally.
NO WARRANTY
11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY
FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN
OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES
PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED
OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS
TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE
PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING,
REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING
WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR
REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES,
INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING
OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED
TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY
YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER
PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE
POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest
to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
<one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.>
Copyright (C) 19yy <name of author>
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this
when it starts in an interactive mode:
Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) 19yy name of author
Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate
parts of the General Public License. Of course, the commands you use may
be called something other than `show w' and `show c'; they could even be
mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your program.
You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your
school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if
necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names:
Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program
`Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker.
<signature of Ty Coon>, 1 April 1989
Ty Coon, President of Vice
This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into
proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may
consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the
library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General
Public License instead of this License.

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@@ -0,0 +1,314 @@
/*
* README -- gpm 1.xx
*
* Copyright 1995-2000 rubini@linux.it (Alessandro Rubini)
* Copyright 2001-2012 nico-gpm at schottelius.org (Nico Schottelius)
*
*******/
The gpm (general purpose mouse) daemon tries to be a useful mouse
server for applications running on the Linux console. Its roots are
in the "selection" package, by Andrew Haylett, and the original code
comes from selection itself. This package is intended as a replacement
for "selection", to provide additional facilities. From 0.18 onward
gpm supports xterm as well, so you can run mouse-sensitive
applications under X, and you can easily write curses applications
which support the mouse on both the Linux console and xterm. The xterm
code is portable to any U*x flavour (look at sample/README).
The first clients have been "The Midnight Commander", by Miguel de
Icaza and an emacs library included in this release. Recent dialog
distributions and the Jed editor use gpm as well, and the same do
several custom applications.
If you want to make a patch to gpm, please read doc/HACK_GPM.
For additionally documentation and other READMEs have a look into doc/.
=========== MAINTENANCE
As of 1.19.4, gpm is officially maintained again.
Most of the README is written by Alessandro Rubine,
only minor changes are made by Nico Schottelius.
=========== MAILING LIST
The mailing list devoted to gpm is "gpm@lists.linux.it"
The list is managed by Mailman and is currently open,
so non-subscribers are allowed to post.
In order to subscribe to the mailing list, visit
http://lists.linux.it/listinfo/gpm
or send a message with "subscribe" in its body to
gpm-request@lists.linux.it.
For example:
echo subscribe | mail gpm-request@lists.linux.it
=========== DOWNLOAD / HOMEPAGE
The latest releases can always be found in one of the following place:
http://www.nico.schottelius.org/software/gpm/archives/
Mirror:
ftp://arcana.linux.it/pub/gpm/
http://www.ar.linux.it/pub/gpm/
The homepage of gpm can be found at
http://www.nico.schottelius.org/software/gpm/
You can get the latest development tree of gpm via git:
git-clone git://git.schottelius.org/gpm
There are three branches available:
master: Contains the latest gpm1 code, may be broken.
gpm-1-stable: Contains the latest stable source code.
gpm-2-dev: Contains work that heads to gpm2.
=========== COMPILING AND INSTALLING
The package uses autoconf as of 2.12.
Use "./autogen.sh && ./configure && make" to
compile the gpm suite. To install "make install". This installs
everything under the "prefix" directory, which by default is
/usr/local.
Use "./configure --prefix=/usr" if you want to install under /usr
instead of /usr/local.
Exectuable files are installed in $(prefix)/bin (except the gpm daemon
in $(prefix)/sbin), libraries in $(prefix)/lib, man pages in
$(prefix)/man, the lisp library in the proper location for emacs-list
files (detected during the "configure" step); info files are installed
under $(prefix)/info.
If you would like to 'clean'up very tidy, use distclean. Don't forget to use
make distclean config! Otherwise there will be no configure script!
=========== CONFIGURING
Configuration is optional...
* You would like to tell emacs to use t-mouse.el when appropriate. Add
the following lines to your own .emacs (in your home
directory), or in the /usr/lib/emacs/site-lisp/default
(if (and (string-match ".*-linux" system-configuration)
(not window-system)
(or (string-match "linux" (getenv "TERM"))
(string-match "con.*" (getenv "TERM"))))
(load-library "t-mouse"))
* If you want to use gpm-root, copy gpm-root.conf to your /usr/etc
directory, test it out and then edit it to suit your feels.
* You'd like to name the gpm info file inside /usr/info/dir. Just insert
the line
* gpm: (gpm.info). A mouse server for the Linux console
at the proper place. Note that this is usually automatically
performed if you install a package prepared for your own
distribution.
* To invoke gpm (and gpm-root) at system boot, add something like this
to your /etc/rc.d/rc.local
/usr/sbin/gpm -t msc -m /dev/tts/0 &
/usr/bin/gpm-root &
If you are running the new setup of SysVinit, you should better
add a "gpm" script in /etc/rc.d/rc.init and install it in your
runlevels in the usual way (this is usually included in your
distribution as well)
You may want to put the mouse server at a higher priority: in
this case invoke instead "/usr/bin/nice -n -20 /usr/sbin/gpm -t
msc"
The program goes to the background by itself, unless
it is run with debuging enabled (see the -D option in the
documentation).
========== DOCS
The directory "./doc" holds the documentation. The release embeds a
postscript file, slightly reduced to save paper (doc/gpm2.ps), an info
one (doc/gpm.info) and a text-only version (doc/gpmdoc.txt -- but
without table of contents, for now). Man pages are automatically
extracted from the info file, and are installed with "make install"
=========== BUG REPORTS
Before sending bug reports, please look at the file "FAQ",
which outlines some known problems, and how to deal with them.
If your bug isn't fixed by reading there, please report it to me,
without getting angry with me if things don't work at first trial
(but they usually work).
Bug reports are best sent to the gpm mailing list (see above) or to me
via email, if you use personal mail please include the string "gpm"
somewhere in the subject line. This will help my filters in sorting
things out.
* When compilation fails I need your kernel version ("uname -a"), the
compiler version ("gcc -v") and the library version ("ls -l /lib" or,
better "ldd /usr/sbin/gpm"). And the compiler messages, obviously.
* When a program hangs or segfaults, please reinvoke the program under strace:
strace -tf -o /tmp/trace.gpm gpm -t msc
^^^^^^^^^^ put your true cmdline here.
Then send me /tmp/trace.gpm* (they may be one or two files, according
to the strace version), and a description of how you reproduce the problem.
The last resort is a core dump, but I'll ask it personally if I have real
difficulties in tracing out your problem.
=========== CREDITS
The following people contributed to gpm, in chronological order. This
list used to reside in a different file, but it's better for it to stand
out in the README
Andrew Haylett (ajh@gec-mrc.co.uk)
donated "selection" to the linux community, so I could get
the idea and the code. A few others contributed to selection,
but I lost track of their contributions and names.
Steven S. Dick (ssd@nevets.oau.org)
fixed a pair of bugs in early gpm versions.
Miguel de Icaza (miguel@roxanne.nuclecu.unam.mx)
helped fixing some bugs and provided a good client to test
my server. He helped a lot in testing the various pre-releases.
Olav Woelfelschneider (wosch@rbg.informatik.th-darmstadt.de)
fixed 0.10 with MouseSystems compatible mice.
Janne Kukonlehto (jtklehto@stekt.oulu.fi)
provided xterm mouse decoding to be stolen by me.
Rick Lyons (rick@razorback.brisnet.org.au)
fixed a bug in gpm-0.9.
Reuben Sumner (rasumner@undergrad.math.uwaterloo.ca)
helped fixing behaviour with "-t bm".
Larry Bartholdi (lbartho@scsun.unige.ch)
pinpointed an error in t-mouse-suspend
and provided good suggestions for 0.97.
Mark Lord (mlord@bnr.ca)
ported to Dexxa/Logitech mice and gave feedback several times.
Stefan Giessler (stg@gandalf.han.de)
fixed some problems with gpm-root and
suggested to put gpm in the background (0.97).
Roman Shapiro
helped with the Logitech MouseMan.
Andries Brouwer (aeb@cwi.nl)
Provided a Latin-1 LUT for chars, and enhanced
lut-loading code (0.98).
Adrian Johnson (ajohnson@apanix.apana.org.au)
Gave good feedback and ideas for the 0.98's
Stephen Lee (sl14@crux1.cit.cornell.edu)
Helped a lot with the damned MouseMan protocol (0.98 and 1.0)
John van Leeuwen (johnvl@einstein.et.tudelft.nl)
Outlined and fixed a pair of bugs in gpm-root 0.98
Alvar Bray (alvar@meiko.co.uk)
Pointed out an error with awk (0.99)
David A. van Leeuwen (david@tm.tno.nl)
Helped with chord-middle protocols (1.0)
Pavel Kankovsky (KAN@frode.dcit.cz)
Open /dev/ttyxx instead of /dev/console in the lib (1.01)
Mark Shadley (shadcat@catcher.com)
Helped in turning to ELF (1.01 and 1.02) and in fixing
horrible bugs of mine. Without his help 1.03 wouldn't be there.
Lou Sortman (lou@lounix4.conc.tdsnet.com)
Added support for glidepoint mice within "-t mman". (1.05)
Marc Meis (100334.1426@compuserve.com)
Provided support for absolute pointing devices, and in
particular for the ncr3125 pen. (1.05)
Michael Plass (Michael_Plass.PARC@xerox.com)
Fixed a damned bug in middle button decoding (M_ms) (1.07)
Markus Gutschke (gutschk@uni-muenster.de)
Provided a better re-encoding for "-R" (1.10)
Karsten Ballueder (Karsten@piobelix.physik.uni-karlsruhe.de)
Suggested the reboot compile-time option (1.10)
John Davis (davis@space.mit.edu)
Found and fixed a buglet in liblow.c for some jed users (1.10)
Julian Thompson (jrt@miel.demon.co.uk)
Fixed a buglet in gpm-root (1.10)
Dave Flater (dave@universe.digex.net)
Removed a typo in the disabled decoder for ms-3b (1.11)
Thomas E. Dickey (dickey@clark.net)
Ported to autoconf (1.11)
Pavel Machek (pavel@ucw.cz)
New mode "logim" (1.11) and NetMouse (1.14)
Matthias Grimrath (y0001032@rzserv8.rz.tu-bs.de)
Be c++ compliant in gpm.h (1.11)
Stephen Tell (tell@cs.unc.edu)
Patch for the ps2 decoder to support misbehaving devices (1.11)
Francois Chastrette (no-email)
Great help to support plugnpray mice (1.13)
Steve Bennett (s.bennett@lancaster.ac.uk)
Support for the intellimouse serial devices. (1.13)
Jan Daciuk (jandac@pg.gda.pl)
t-mouse: yet another regexp possibility
Ian Zimmerman is now actively cooperating in maintaining gpm, so
he'll no longer appear in the acknowledgements ;-)
David Given (dg@tao.co.uk)
Offered support for joystick mouse emulation (1.14)
Tim Goodwin (tgoodwin@cygnus.co.uk)
Colin Plumb (colin@nyx10.nyx.net)
Ben Pfaff (pfaffben@pilot.msu.edu)
Ian and Iris (brooke@jump.net)
All of them sent in support for ps2 intellimouse (1.14)
Edmund Grimley Evans (edmund@vocalis.com)
Added "-t ms+lr"
Stefan Runker (runkeledv@t-online.de)
Contributed a new Wacom decoder
Alessandro Rubini (rubini@linux.it)
He's done a lot of work on gpm and maintained it.
He's still helping me a lot to understand all parts of gpm.

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I am thinking about restructing gpm, for the following reasons:
- the code is old
- the code is huge
- the code is next to unmaintainable
- the code is linux specific
What I think one could reach:
- create gpm, that runs on any Unix?
- create gpm that is easy to extend
- create gpm that is easy to maintain
What ways are possible?
- rewrite everything from scratch
* takes a long time and much motivitation
- migrate old code to clean codebase
* takes some time to analyse old code
* seems to me some way one could go
How to do it?
- new functions / code references 'gpm2' instead of gpm
- perhaps some people want to sponsor me for creating a clean
mouse driver for the console?
=> thus I got more time to focus on gpm2
- motivate other foss developers to take part into it
Let's see what happens!
-- Nico Schottelius, 2007-05-11 2245 CEST in a train in Zurich

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Dear gpm README reader,
this letter is to you, as I have to tell you about my idea of versioning
of gpm. Traditionally, there were 1.19.x releases. That was, before the gpm
source code and I met. After that, there was 1.20.x, indicating a new
maintainer, but continuing with the old naming versioning. Today, on the
19th of February 2008, I decided to give gpm a real chance of getting a
"second life" under the name of "gpm2" (as described in README.gpm2). It
seems that the best effort for creating gpm2 is to rewrite everything, but
to migrate the logic from the old code (as in: how to handle the individual
mouse).
So, how does that relate to the versions of gpm? Let us have a look at it:
1.19.x: old versions, not continued
1.20.x: current stable versions: no new features.
1.99.x: versions that move to 2.x, but contain much 1.20.x code.
includes new features.
2.0.x: future stable versions
2.1.x: future testing versions
Perhaps you have some comments to tell me? If so, just drop me a letter to
nico-gpm-versions at schottelius.org.
Yours,
Nico

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isl was written by
Sven Verdoolaege
2006-2007 Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
Universiteit Leiden
Niels Bohrweg 1
2333 CA Leiden
The Netherlands
2008-2009 K.U.Leuven
Departement Computerwetenschappen
Celestijnenlaan 200A
B-3001 Leuven
Belgium
2010-2011 INRIA Saclay - Ile-de-France
Parc Club Orsay Universite, ZAC des vignes, 4 rue Jacques Monod
91893 Orsay
France
2011-2012 consultant for Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
2012-2014 Ecole Normale Superieure
45 rue d'Ulm, 75230 Paris
France
2014-2015 INRIA Rocquencourt
Domaine de Voluceau - Rocquencourt, B.P. 105
78153 Le Chesnay
France
2015-2022 Polly Labs
2018-2021 Cerebras Systems
175 S San Antonio Rd
Los Altos, CA
USA
2021-2022 Cerebras Systems
1237 E Arques Ave
Sunnyvale, CA
USA
Contributions by
Mythri Alle
Riyadh Baghdadi
Serge Belyshev
Basile Clement
Albert Cohen
Ray Donnelly
Johannes Doerfert
Andi Drebes
Ron Estrin
Clement Foyer
Armin Groesslinger
Tobias Grosser
Frederik Harwath
Alexandre Isoard
Andreas Kloeckner
Michael Kruse
Manjunath Kudlur
Alexander Matz
Chielo Newctle
Riccardo Mori
Sebastian Pop
Louis-Noel Pouchet
Benoit Pradelle
Uday Bondhugula
Andreas Simbuerger
Tianjiao Sun
Malhar Thakkar
Sergei Trofimovich
Miheer Vaidya
Sven van Haastregt
Matt Whitlock
Oleksandr Zinenko
The merge sort implementation was written by Jeffrey Stedfast.

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MIT License (MIT)
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies
of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
SOFTWARE.

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isl is a thread-safe C library for manipulating sets and relations
of integer points bounded by affine constraints. The descriptions of
the sets and relations may involve both parameters and existentially
quantified variables. All computations are performed in exact integer
arithmetic using GMP.
isl is released under the MIT license, but depends on the LGPL GMP
library.
Minimal compilation instructions:
./configure
make
make install
If you are taking the source from the git repository, then you first
need to do
git clone git://repo.or.cz/isl.git
./autogen.sh
For more information, see doc/user.pod or the generated documentation.
New releases are announced on http://groups.google.com/group/isl-announce
If you use isl, you can let me know by stacking
https://www.openhub.net/p/isl on Open Hub.
For bug reports, feature requests and questions,
contact http://groups.google.com/group/isl-development
Whenever you report a bug, please mention the exact version of isl
that you are using (output of "./isl_cat --version"). If you are unable
to compile isl, then report the git version (output of "git describe")
or the version included in the name of the tarball.
If you use isl for your research, you are invited do cite
the following paper and/or the paper(s) describing the specific
operations you use.
@incollection{Verdoolaege2010isl,
author = {Verdoolaege, Sven},
title = {isl: An Integer Set Library for the Polyhedral Model},
booktitle = {Mathematical Software - ICMS 2010},
series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
editor = {Fukuda, Komei and Hoeven, Joris and Joswig, Michael and
Takayama, Nobuki},
publisher = {Springer},
isbn = {978-3-642-15581-9},
pages = {299-302},
volume = {6327},
year = {2010}
}

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libffi - Copyright (c) 1996-2025 Anthony Green, Red Hat, Inc and others.
See source files for details.
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
``Software''), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ``AS IS'', WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY
CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT,
TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE
SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

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The libffi source distribution contains certain code that is not part
of libffi, and is only used as tooling to assist with the building and
testing of libffi. This includes the msvcc.sh script used to wrap the
Microsoft compiler with GNU compatible command-line options,
make_sunver.pl, and the libffi test code distributed in the
testsuite/libffi.bhaible directory. This code is distributed with
libffi for the purpose of convenience only, and libffi is in no way
derived from this code.
msvcc.sh an testsuite/libffi.bhaible are both distributed under the
terms of the GNU GPL version 2, as below.
GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
Version 2, June 1991
Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
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The licenses for most software are designed to take away your
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When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
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License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you
may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent
license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by
all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then
the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to
refrain entirely from distribution of the Program.
If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under
any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to
apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other
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It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any
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such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the
integrity of the free software distribution system, which is
implemented by public license practices. Many people have made
generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed
through that system in reliance on consistent application of that
system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing
to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot
impose that choice.
This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to
be a consequence of the rest of this License.
8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in
certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the
original copyright holder who places the Program under this License
may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding
those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among
countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates
the limitation as if written in the body of this License.
9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions
of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will
be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to
address new problems or concerns.
Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program
specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and "any
later version", you have the option of following the terms and conditions
either of that version or of any later version published by the Free
Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of
this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software
Foundation.
10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free
programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author
to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free
Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes
make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals
of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and
of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally.
NO WARRANTY
11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY
FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN
OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES
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OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
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WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR
REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES,
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YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER
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END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest
to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
<one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.>
Copyright (C) <year> <name of author>
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this
when it starts in an interactive mode:
Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) year name of author
Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate
parts of the General Public License. Of course, the commands you use may
be called something other than `show w' and `show c'; they could even be
mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your program.
You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your
school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if
necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names:
Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program
`Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker.
<signature of Ty Coon>, 1 April 1989
Ty Coon, President of Vice
This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into
proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may
consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the
library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General
Public License instead of this License.

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@@ -0,0 +1,565 @@
libffi-3.5.2 was released on August 2, 2025.
What is libffi?
===============
Compilers for high level languages generate code that follow certain
conventions. These conventions are necessary, in part, for separate
compilation to work. One such convention is the "calling
convention". The "calling convention" is essentially a set of
assumptions made by the compiler about where function arguments will
be found on entry to a function. A "calling convention" also specifies
where the return value for a function is found.
Some programs may not know at the time of compilation what arguments
are to be passed to a function. For instance, an interpreter may be
told at run-time about the number and types of arguments used to call
a given function. Libffi can be used in such programs to provide a
bridge from the interpreter program to compiled code.
The libffi library provides a portable, high level programming
interface to various calling conventions. This allows a programmer to
call any function specified by a call interface description at run
time.
FFI stands for Foreign Function Interface. A foreign function
interface is the popular name for the interface that allows code
written in one language to call code written in another language. The
libffi library really only provides the lowest, machine dependent
layer of a fully featured foreign function interface. A layer must
exist above libffi that handles type conversions for values passed
between the two languages.
Supported Platforms
===================
Libffi has been ported to many different platforms.
At the time of release, the following basic configurations have been
tested:
| Architecture | Operating System | Compiler |
| --------------- | ---------------- | ----------------------- |
| AArch64 (ARM64) | iOS | Clang |
| AArch64 | Linux | GCC |
| AArch64 | Windows | MSVC |
| Alpha | Linux | GCC |
| Alpha | Tru64 | GCC |
| ARC | Linux | GCC |
| ARC32 | Linux | GCC |
| ARC64 | Linux | GCC |
| ARM | Linux | GCC |
| ARM | iOS | GCC |
| ARM | Windows | MSVC |
| AVR32 | Linux | GCC |
| Blackfin | uClinux | GCC |
| CSKY | Linux | GCC |
| HPPA | HPUX | GCC |
| HPPA64 | HPUX | GCC |
| KVX | Linux | GCC |
| IA-64 | Linux | GCC |
| LoongArch64 | Linux | GCC |
| M68K | FreeMiNT | GCC |
| M68K | Linux | GCC |
| M68K | RTEMS | GCC |
| M88K | OpenBSD/mvme88k | GCC |
| Meta | Linux | GCC |
| MicroBlaze | Linux | GCC |
| MIPS | IRIX | GCC |
| MIPS | Linux | GCC |
| MIPS | RTEMS | GCC |
| MIPS64 | Linux | GCC |
| Moxie | Bare metal | GCC |
| OpenRISC | Linux | GCC |
| PowerPC 32-bit | AIX | GCC |
| PowerPC 32-bit | AIX | IBM XL C |
| PowerPC 64-bit | AIX | IBM XL C |
| PowerPC | AMIGA | GCC |
| PowerPC | Linux | GCC |
| PowerPC | Mac OSX | GCC |
| PowerPC | FreeBSD | GCC |
| PowerPC 64-bit | FreeBSD | GCC |
| PowerPC 64-bit | Linux ELFv1 | GCC |
| PowerPC 64-bit | Linux ELFv2 | GCC |
| RISC-V 32-bit | Linux | GCC |
| RISC-V 64-bit | Linux | GCC |
| S390 | Linux | GCC |
| S390X | Linux | GCC |
| SH3 | Linux | GCC |
| SH4 | Linux | GCC |
| SH5/SH64 | Linux | GCC |
| SPARC | Linux | GCC |
| SPARC | Solaris | GCC |
| SPARC | Solaris | Oracle Solaris Studio C |
| SPARC64 | Linux | GCC |
| SPARC64 | FreeBSD | GCC |
| SPARC64 | Solaris | Oracle Solaris Studio C |
| TILE-Gx/TILEPro | Linux | GCC |
| VAX | OpenBSD/vax | GCC |
| WASM32 | Emscripten | EMCC |
| WASM64 | Emscripten | EMCC |
| X86 | FreeBSD | GCC |
| X86 | GNU HURD | GCC |
| X86 | Interix | GCC |
| X86 | kFreeBSD | GCC |
| X86 | Linux | GCC |
| X86 | OpenBSD | GCC |
| X86 | OS/2 | GCC |
| X86 | Solaris | GCC |
| X86 | Solaris | Oracle Solaris Studio C |
| X86 | Windows/Cygwin | GCC |
| X86 | Windows/MinGW | GCC |
| X86-64 | DragonFly BSD | GCC |
| X86-64 | FreeBSD | GCC |
| X86-64 | Linux | GCC |
| X86-64 | Linux/x32 | GCC |
| X86-64 | OpenBSD | GCC |
| X86-64 | Solaris | Oracle Solaris Studio C |
| X86-64 | Windows/Cygwin | GCC |
| X86-64 | Windows/MinGW | GCC |
| X86-64 | Mac OSX | GCC |
| Xtensa | Linux | GCC |
Please send additional platform test results to
libffi-discuss@sourceware.org.
Installing libffi
=================
First you must configure the distribution for your particular
system. Go to the directory you wish to build libffi in and run the
"configure" program found in the root directory of the libffi source
distribution. Note that building libffi requires a C99 compatible
compiler.
If you're building libffi directly from git hosted sources, configure
won't exist yet; run ./autogen.sh first. This will require that you
install autoconf, automake, libtool and texinfo.
You may want to tell configure where to install the libffi library and
header files. To do that, use the ``--prefix`` configure switch. Libffi
will install under /usr/local by default.
If you want to enable extra run-time debugging checks use the the
``--enable-debug`` configure switch. This is useful when your program dies
mysteriously while using libffi.
Another useful configure switch is ``--enable-purify-safety``. Using this
will add some extra code which will suppress certain warnings when you
are using Purify with libffi. Only use this switch when using
Purify, as it will slow down the library.
If you don't want to build documentation, use the ``--disable-docs``
configure switch.
It's also possible to build libffi on Windows platforms with
Microsoft's Visual C++ compiler. In this case, use the msvcc.sh
wrapper script during configuration like so:
path/to/configure CC=path/to/msvcc.sh CXX=path/to/msvcc.sh LD=link CPP="cl -nologo -EP" CXXCPP="cl -nologo -EP" CPPFLAGS="-DFFI_BUILDING_DLL"
For 64-bit Windows builds, use ``CC="path/to/msvcc.sh -m64"`` and
``CXX="path/to/msvcc.sh -m64"``. You may also need to specify
``--build`` appropriately.
It is also possible to build libffi on Windows platforms with the LLVM
project's clang-cl compiler, like below:
path/to/configure CC="path/to/msvcc.sh -clang-cl" CXX="path/to/msvcc.sh -clang-cl" LD=link CPP="clang-cl -EP"
When building with MSVC under a MingW environment, you may need to
remove the line in configure that sets 'fix_srcfile_path' to a 'cygpath'
command. ('cygpath' is not present in MingW, and is not required when
using MingW-style paths.)
To build static library for ARM64 with MSVC using visual studio solution, msvc_build folder have
aarch64/Ffi_staticLib.sln
required header files in aarch64/aarch64_include/
SPARC Solaris builds require the use of the GNU assembler and linker.
Point ``AS`` and ``LD`` environment variables at those tool prior to
configuration.
For iOS builds, the ``libffi.xcodeproj`` Xcode project is available.
Configure has many other options. Use ``configure --help`` to see them all.
Once configure has finished, type "make". Note that you must be using
GNU make. You can ftp GNU make from ftp.gnu.org:/pub/gnu/make .
To ensure that libffi is working as advertised, type "make check".
This will require that you have DejaGNU installed.
To install the library and header files, type ``make install``.
History
=======
See the git log for details at http://github.com/libffi/libffi.
3.5.2 Aug-2-2025
Add wasm64 support.
Add DragonFly BSD support.
Ensure trampoline file descriptors are closed on exec.
3.5.1 Jun-10-2025
Fix symbol versioning error.
3.5.0 Jun-8-2025
Add FFI_VERSION_STRING and FFI_VERSION_NUMBER macros, as well
as ffi_get_version() and ffi_get_version_number() functions.
Add ffi_get_default_abi() and ffi_get_closure_size() functions.
Fix closures on powerpc64-linux when statically linking.
Mark the PA stack as non-executable.
3.4.8 Apr-9-2025
Add static trampoline support for powerpc-linux (32-bit SYSV BE),
powerpc64-linux (64-bit ELFv1 BE) and
powerpc64le-linux (64-bit ELFv2 LE)
Various x86-64 bug fixes (x32 ABI and improper memory access for
small argument calls).
Fix to enable pointer authentication for aarch64.
3.4.7 Feb-8-2025
Add static trampoline support for Linux on s390x.
Fix BTI support for ARM64.
Support pointer authentication for ARM64.
Fix ASAN compatibility.
Fix x86-64 calls with 6 GP registers and some SSE registers.
Miscellaneous fixes for ARC and Darwin ARM64.
Fix OpenRISC or1k and Solaris 10 builds.
Remove nios2 port.
3.4.6 Feb-18-2024
Fix long double regression on mips64 and alpha.
3.4.5 Feb-15-2024
Add support for wasm32.
Add support for aarch64 branch target identification (bti).
Add support for ARCv3: ARC32 & ARC64.
Add support for HPPA64, and many HPPA fixes.
Add support for Haikuos on PowerPC.
Fixes for AIX, loongson, MIPS, power, sparc64, and x86 Darwin.
3.4.4 Oct-23-2022
Important aarch64 fixes, including support for linux builds
with Link Time Optimization (-flto).
Fix x86 stdcall stack alignment.
Fix x86 Windows msvc assembler compatibility.
Fix moxie and or1k small structure args.
3.4.3 Sep-19-2022
All struct args are passed by value, regardless of size, as per ABIs.
Enable static trampolines for Cygwin.
Add support for Loongson's LoongArch64 architecture.
Fix x32 static trampolines.
Fix 32-bit x86 stdcall stack corruption.
Fix ILP32 aarch64 support.
3.4.2 Jun-28-2021
Add static trampoline support for Linux on x86_64 and ARM64.
Add support for Alibaba's CSKY architecture.
Add support for Kalray's KVX architecture.
Add support for Intel Control-flow Enforcement Technology (CET).
Add support for ARM Pointer Authentication (PA).
Fix 32-bit PPC regression.
Fix MIPS soft-float problem.
Enable tmpdir override with the $LIBFFI_TMPDIR environment variable.
Enable compatibility with MSVC runtime stack checking.
Reject float and small integer argument in ffi_prep_cif_var().
Callers must promote these types themselves.
3.3 Nov-23-2019
Add RISC-V support.
New API in support of GO closures.
Add IEEE754 binary128 long double support for 64-bit Power
Default to Microsoft's 64 bit long double ABI with Visual C++.
GNU compiler uses 80 bits (128 in memory) FFI_GNUW64 ABI.
Add Windows on ARM64 (WOA) support.
Add Windows 32-bit ARM support.
Raw java (gcj) API deprecated.
Add pre-built PDF documentation to source distribution.
Many new test cases and bug fixes.
3.2.1 Nov-12-2014
Build fix for non-iOS AArch64 targets.
3.2 Nov-11-2014
Add C99 Complex Type support (currently only supported on
s390).
Add support for PASCAL and REGISTER calling conventions on x86
Windows/Linux.
Add OpenRISC and Cygwin-64 support.
Bug fixes.
3.1 May-19-2014
Add AArch64 (ARM64) iOS support.
Add Nios II support.
Add m88k and DEC VAX support.
Add support for stdcall, thiscall, and fastcall on non-Windows
32-bit x86 targets such as Linux.
Various Android, MIPS N32, x86, FreeBSD and UltraSPARC IIi
fixes.
Make the testsuite more robust: eliminate several spurious
failures, and respect the $CC and $CXX environment variables.
Archive off the manually maintained ChangeLog in favor of git
log.
3.0.13 Mar-17-2013
Add Meta support.
Add missing Moxie bits.
Fix stack alignment bug on 32-bit x86.
Build fix for m68000 targets.
Build fix for soft-float Power targets.
Fix the install dir location for some platforms when building
with GCC (OS X, Solaris).
Fix Cygwin regression.
3.0.12 Feb-11-2013
Add Moxie support.
Add AArch64 support.
Add Blackfin support.
Add TILE-Gx/TILEPro support.
Add MicroBlaze support.
Add Xtensa support.
Add support for PaX enabled kernels with MPROTECT.
Add support for native vendor compilers on
Solaris and AIX.
Work around LLVM/GCC interoperability issue on x86_64.
3.0.11 Apr-11-2012
Lots of build fixes.
Add support for variadic functions (ffi_prep_cif_var).
Add Linux/x32 support.
Add thiscall, fastcall and MSVC cdecl support on Windows.
Add Amiga and newer MacOS support.
Add m68k FreeMiNT support.
Integration with iOS' xcode build tools.
Fix Octeon and MC68881 support.
Fix code pessimizations.
3.0.10 Aug-23-2011
Add support for Apple's iOS.
Add support for ARM VFP ABI.
Add RTEMS support for MIPS and M68K.
Fix instruction cache clearing problems on
ARM and SPARC.
Fix the N64 build on mips-sgi-irix6.5.
Enable builds with Microsoft's compiler.
Enable x86 builds with Oracle's Solaris compiler.
Fix support for calling code compiled with Oracle's Sparc
Solaris compiler.
Testsuite fixes for Tru64 Unix.
Additional platform support.
3.0.9 Dec-31-2009
Add AVR32 and win64 ports. Add ARM softfp support.
Many fixes for AIX, Solaris, HP-UX, *BSD.
Several PowerPC and x86-64 bug fixes.
Build DLL for windows.
3.0.8 Dec-19-2008
Add *BSD, BeOS, and PA-Linux support.
3.0.7 Nov-11-2008
Fix for ppc FreeBSD.
(thanks to Andreas Tobler)
3.0.6 Jul-17-2008
Fix for closures on sh.
Mark the sh/sh64 stack as non-executable.
(both thanks to Kaz Kojima)
3.0.5 Apr-3-2008
Fix libffi.pc file.
Fix #define ARM for IcedTea users.
Fix x86 closure bug.
3.0.4 Feb-24-2008
Fix x86 OpenBSD configury.
3.0.3 Feb-22-2008
Enable x86 OpenBSD thanks to Thomas Heller, and
x86-64 FreeBSD thanks to Björn König and Andreas Tobler.
Clean up test instruction in README.
3.0.2 Feb-21-2008
Improved x86 FreeBSD support.
Thanks to Björn König.
3.0.1 Feb-15-2008
Fix instruction cache flushing bug on MIPS.
Thanks to David Daney.
3.0.0 Feb-15-2008
Many changes, mostly thanks to the GCC project.
Cygnus Solutions is now Red Hat.
[10 years go by...]
1.20 Oct-5-1998
Raffaele Sena produces ARM port.
1.19 Oct-5-1998
Fixed x86 long double and long long return support.
m68k bug fixes from Andreas Schwab.
Patch for DU assembler compatibility for the Alpha from Richard
Henderson.
1.18 Apr-17-1998
Bug fixes and MIPS configuration changes.
1.17 Feb-24-1998
Bug fixes and m68k port from Andreas Schwab. PowerPC port from
Geoffrey Keating. Various bug x86, Sparc and MIPS bug fixes.
1.16 Feb-11-1998
Richard Henderson produces Alpha port.
1.15 Dec-4-1997
Fixed an n32 ABI bug. New libtool, auto* support.
1.14 May-13-97
libtool is now used to generate shared and static libraries.
Fixed a minor portability problem reported by Russ McManus
<mcmanr@eq.gs.com>.
1.13 Dec-2-1996
Added --enable-purify-safety to keep Purify from complaining
about certain low level code.
Sparc fix for calling functions with < 6 args.
Linux x86 a.out fix.
1.12 Nov-22-1996
Added missing ffi_type_void, needed for supporting void return
types. Fixed test case for non MIPS machines. Cygnus Support
is now Cygnus Solutions.
1.11 Oct-30-1996
Added notes about GNU make.
1.10 Oct-29-1996
Added configuration fix for non GNU compilers.
1.09 Oct-29-1996
Added --enable-debug configure switch. Clean-ups based on LCLint
feedback. ffi_mips.h is always installed. Many configuration
fixes. Fixed ffitest.c for sparc builds.
1.08 Oct-15-1996
Fixed n32 problem. Many clean-ups.
1.07 Oct-14-1996
Gordon Irlam rewrites v8.S again. Bug fixes.
1.06 Oct-14-1996
Gordon Irlam improved the sparc port.
1.05 Oct-14-1996
Interface changes based on feedback.
1.04 Oct-11-1996
Sparc port complete (modulo struct passing bug).
1.03 Oct-10-1996
Passing struct args, and returning struct values works for
all architectures/calling conventions. Expanded tests.
1.02 Oct-9-1996
Added SGI n32 support. Fixed bugs in both o32 and Linux support.
Added "make test".
1.01 Oct-8-1996
Fixed float passing bug in mips version. Restructured some
of the code. Builds cleanly with SGI tools.
1.00 Oct-7-1996
First release. No public announcement.
Authors & Credits
=================
libffi was originally written by Anthony Green <green@moxielogic.com>.
The developers of the GNU Compiler Collection project have made
innumerable valuable contributions. See the ChangeLog file for
details.
Some of the ideas behind libffi were inspired by Gianni Mariani's free
gencall library for Silicon Graphics machines.
The closure mechanism was designed and implemented by Kresten Krab
Thorup.
Major processor architecture ports were contributed by the following
developers:
aarch64 Marcus Shawcroft, James Greenhalgh
alpha Richard Henderson
arc Hackers at Synopsis
arm Raffaele Sena
avr32 Bradley Smith
blackfin Alexandre Keunecke I. de Mendonca
cris Simon Posnjak, Hans-Peter Nilsson
csky Ma Jun, Zhang Wenmeng
frv Anthony Green
ia64 Hans Boehm
kvx Yann Sionneau
loongarch64 Cheng Lulu, Xi Ruoyao, Xu Hao,
Zhang Wenlong, Pan Xuefeng
m32r Kazuhiro Inaoka
m68k Andreas Schwab
m88k Miod Vallat
metag Hackers at Imagination Technologies
microblaze Nathan Rossi
mips Anthony Green, Casey Marshall
mips64 David Daney
moxie Anthony Green
nios ii Sandra Loosemore
openrisc Sebastian Macke
pa Randolph Chung, Dave Anglin, Andreas Tobler
pa64 Dave Anglin
powerpc Geoffrey Keating, Andreas Tobler,
David Edelsohn, John Hornkvist
powerpc64 Jakub Jelinek
riscv Michael Knyszek, Andrew Waterman, Stef O'Rear
s390 Gerhard Tonn, Ulrich Weigand
sh Kaz Kojima
sh64 Kaz Kojima
sparc Anthony Green, Gordon Irlam
tile-gx/tilepro Walter Lee
vax Miod Vallat
wasm32 Hood Chatham, Brion Vibber, Kleis Auke Wolthuizen
x86 Anthony Green, Jon Beniston
x86-64 Bo Thorsen
xtensa Chris Zankel
Jesper Skov and Andrew Haley both did more than their fair share of
stepping through the code and tracking down bugs.
Thanks also to Tom Tromey for bug fixes, documentation and
configuration help.
Thanks to Jim Blandy, who provided some useful feedback on the libffi
interface.
Andreas Tobler has done a tremendous amount of work on the testsuite.
Alex Oliva solved the executable page problem for SElinux.
The list above is almost certainly incomplete and inaccurate. I'm
happy to make corrections or additions upon request.
If you have a problem, or have found a bug, please file an issue on
our issue tracker at https://github.com/libffi/libffi/issues.
The author can be reached at green@moxielogic.com.
To subscribe/unsubscribe to our mailing lists, visit:
https://sourceware.org/mailman/listinfo/libffi-announce
https://sourceware.org/mailman/listinfo/libffi-discuss

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Bruno Haible <bruno@clisp.org>

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GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
Version 3, 29 June 2007
Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. <http://fsf.org/>
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
Preamble
The GNU General Public License is a free, copyleft license for
software and other kinds of works.
The licenses for most software and other practical works are designed
to take away your freedom to share and change the works. By contrast,
the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to
share and change all versions of a program--to make sure it remains free
software for all its users. We, the Free Software Foundation, use the
GNU General Public License for most of our software; it applies also to
any other work released this way by its authors. You can apply it to
your programs, too.
When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you
have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for
them if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you
want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new
free programs, and that you know you can do these things.
To protect your rights, we need to prevent others from denying you
these rights or asking you to surrender the rights. Therefore, you have
certain responsibilities if you distribute copies of the software, or if
you modify it: responsibilities to respect the freedom of others.
For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether
gratis or for a fee, you must pass on to the recipients the same
freedoms that you received. You must make sure that they, too, receive
or can get the source code. And you must show them these terms so they
know their rights.
Developers that use the GNU GPL protect your rights with two steps:
(1) assert copyright on the software, and (2) offer you this License
giving you legal permission to copy, distribute and/or modify it.
For the developers' and authors' protection, the GPL clearly explains
that there is no warranty for this free software. For both users' and
authors' sake, the GPL requires that modified versions be marked as
changed, so that their problems will not be attributed erroneously to
authors of previous versions.
Some devices are designed to deny users access to install or run
modified versions of the software inside them, although the manufacturer
can do so. This is fundamentally incompatible with the aim of
protecting users' freedom to change the software. The systematic
pattern of such abuse occurs in the area of products for individuals to
use, which is precisely where it is most unacceptable. Therefore, we
have designed this version of the GPL to prohibit the practice for those
products. If such problems arise substantially in other domains, we
stand ready to extend this provision to those domains in future versions
of the GPL, as needed to protect the freedom of users.
Finally, every program is threatened constantly by software patents.
States should not allow patents to restrict development and use of
software on general-purpose computers, but in those that do, we wish to
avoid the special danger that patents applied to a free program could
make it effectively proprietary. To prevent this, the GPL assures that
patents cannot be used to render the program non-free.
The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and
modification follow.
TERMS AND CONDITIONS
0. Definitions.
"This License" refers to version 3 of the GNU General Public License.
"Copyright" also means copyright-like laws that apply to other kinds of
works, such as semiconductor masks.
"The Program" refers to any copyrightable work licensed under this
License. Each licensee is addressed as "you". "Licensees" and
"recipients" may be individuals or organizations.
To "modify" a work means to copy from or adapt all or part of the work
in a fashion requiring copyright permission, other than the making of an
exact copy. The resulting work is called a "modified version" of the
earlier work or a work "based on" the earlier work.
A "covered work" means either the unmodified Program or a work based
on the Program.
To "propagate" a work means to do anything with it that, without
permission, would make you directly or secondarily liable for
infringement under applicable copyright law, except executing it on a
computer or modifying a private copy. Propagation includes copying,
distribution (with or without modification), making available to the
public, and in some countries other activities as well.
To "convey" a work means any kind of propagation that enables other
parties to make or receive copies. Mere interaction with a user through
a computer network, with no transfer of a copy, is not conveying.
An interactive user interface displays "Appropriate Legal Notices"
to the extent that it includes a convenient and prominently visible
feature that (1) displays an appropriate copyright notice, and (2)
tells the user that there is no warranty for the work (except to the
extent that warranties are provided), that licensees may convey the
work under this License, and how to view a copy of this License. If
the interface presents a list of user commands or options, such as a
menu, a prominent item in the list meets this criterion.
1. Source Code.
The "source code" for a work means the preferred form of the work
for making modifications to it. "Object code" means any non-source
form of a work.
A "Standard Interface" means an interface that either is an official
standard defined by a recognized standards body, or, in the case of
interfaces specified for a particular programming language, one that
is widely used among developers working in that language.
The "System Libraries" of an executable work include anything, other
than the work as a whole, that (a) is included in the normal form of
packaging a Major Component, but which is not part of that Major
Component, and (b) serves only to enable use of the work with that
Major Component, or to implement a Standard Interface for which an
implementation is available to the public in source code form. A
"Major Component", in this context, means a major essential component
(kernel, window system, and so on) of the specific operating system
(if any) on which the executable work runs, or a compiler used to
produce the work, or an object code interpreter used to run it.
The "Corresponding Source" for a work in object code form means all
the source code needed to generate, install, and (for an executable
work) run the object code and to modify the work, including scripts to
control those activities. However, it does not include the work's
System Libraries, or general-purpose tools or generally available free
programs which are used unmodified in performing those activities but
which are not part of the work. For example, Corresponding Source
includes interface definition files associated with source files for
the work, and the source code for shared libraries and dynamically
linked subprograms that the work is specifically designed to require,
such as by intimate data communication or control flow between those
subprograms and other parts of the work.
The Corresponding Source need not include anything that users
can regenerate automatically from other parts of the Corresponding
Source.
The Corresponding Source for a work in source code form is that
same work.
2. Basic Permissions.
All rights granted under this License are granted for the term of
copyright on the Program, and are irrevocable provided the stated
conditions are met. This License explicitly affirms your unlimited
permission to run the unmodified Program. The output from running a
covered work is covered by this License only if the output, given its
content, constitutes a covered work. This License acknowledges your
rights of fair use or other equivalent, as provided by copyright law.
You may make, run and propagate covered works that you do not
convey, without conditions so long as your license otherwise remains
in force. You may convey covered works to others for the sole purpose
of having them make modifications exclusively for you, or provide you
with facilities for running those works, provided that you comply with
the terms of this License in conveying all material for which you do
not control copyright. Those thus making or running the covered works
for you must do so exclusively on your behalf, under your direction
and control, on terms that prohibit them from making any copies of
your copyrighted material outside their relationship with you.
Conveying under any other circumstances is permitted solely under
the conditions stated below. Sublicensing is not allowed; section 10
makes it unnecessary.
3. Protecting Users' Legal Rights From Anti-Circumvention Law.
No covered work shall be deemed part of an effective technological
measure under any applicable law fulfilling obligations under article
11 of the WIPO copyright treaty adopted on 20 December 1996, or
similar laws prohibiting or restricting circumvention of such
measures.
When you convey a covered work, you waive any legal power to forbid
circumvention of technological measures to the extent such circumvention
is effected by exercising rights under this License with respect to
the covered work, and you disclaim any intention to limit operation or
modification of the work as a means of enforcing, against the work's
users, your or third parties' legal rights to forbid circumvention of
technological measures.
4. Conveying Verbatim Copies.
You may convey verbatim copies of the Program's source code as you
receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously and
appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice;
keep intact all notices stating that this License and any
non-permissive terms added in accord with section 7 apply to the code;
keep intact all notices of the absence of any warranty; and give all
recipients a copy of this License along with the Program.
You may charge any price or no price for each copy that you convey,
and you may offer support or warranty protection for a fee.
5. Conveying Modified Source Versions.
You may convey a work based on the Program, or the modifications to
produce it from the Program, in the form of source code under the
terms of section 4, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:
a) The work must carry prominent notices stating that you modified
it, and giving a relevant date.
b) The work must carry prominent notices stating that it is
released under this License and any conditions added under section
7. This requirement modifies the requirement in section 4 to
"keep intact all notices".
c) You must license the entire work, as a whole, under this
License to anyone who comes into possession of a copy. This
License will therefore apply, along with any applicable section 7
additional terms, to the whole of the work, and all its parts,
regardless of how they are packaged. This License gives no
permission to license the work in any other way, but it does not
invalidate such permission if you have separately received it.
d) If the work has interactive user interfaces, each must display
Appropriate Legal Notices; however, if the Program has interactive
interfaces that do not display Appropriate Legal Notices, your
work need not make them do so.
A compilation of a covered work with other separate and independent
works, which are not by their nature extensions of the covered work,
and which are not combined with it such as to form a larger program,
in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is called an
"aggregate" if the compilation and its resulting copyright are not
used to limit the access or legal rights of the compilation's users
beyond what the individual works permit. Inclusion of a covered work
in an aggregate does not cause this License to apply to the other
parts of the aggregate.
6. Conveying Non-Source Forms.
You may convey a covered work in object code form under the terms
of sections 4 and 5, provided that you also convey the
machine-readable Corresponding Source under the terms of this License,
in one of these ways:
a) Convey the object code in, or embodied in, a physical product
(including a physical distribution medium), accompanied by the
Corresponding Source fixed on a durable physical medium
customarily used for software interchange.
b) Convey the object code in, or embodied in, a physical product
(including a physical distribution medium), accompanied by a
written offer, valid for at least three years and valid for as
long as you offer spare parts or customer support for that product
model, to give anyone who possesses the object code either (1) a
copy of the Corresponding Source for all the software in the
product that is covered by this License, on a durable physical
medium customarily used for software interchange, for a price no
more than your reasonable cost of physically performing this
conveying of source, or (2) access to copy the
Corresponding Source from a network server at no charge.
c) Convey individual copies of the object code with a copy of the
written offer to provide the Corresponding Source. This
alternative is allowed only occasionally and noncommercially, and
only if you received the object code with such an offer, in accord
with subsection 6b.
d) Convey the object code by offering access from a designated
place (gratis or for a charge), and offer equivalent access to the
Corresponding Source in the same way through the same place at no
further charge. You need not require recipients to copy the
Corresponding Source along with the object code. If the place to
copy the object code is a network server, the Corresponding Source
may be on a different server (operated by you or a third party)
that supports equivalent copying facilities, provided you maintain
clear directions next to the object code saying where to find the
Corresponding Source. Regardless of what server hosts the
Corresponding Source, you remain obligated to ensure that it is
available for as long as needed to satisfy these requirements.
e) Convey the object code using peer-to-peer transmission, provided
you inform other peers where the object code and Corresponding
Source of the work are being offered to the general public at no
charge under subsection 6d.
A separable portion of the object code, whose source code is excluded
from the Corresponding Source as a System Library, need not be
included in conveying the object code work.
A "User Product" is either (1) a "consumer product", which means any
tangible personal property which is normally used for personal, family,
or household purposes, or (2) anything designed or sold for incorporation
into a dwelling. In determining whether a product is a consumer product,
doubtful cases shall be resolved in favor of coverage. For a particular
product received by a particular user, "normally used" refers to a
typical or common use of that class of product, regardless of the status
of the particular user or of the way in which the particular user
actually uses, or expects or is expected to use, the product. A product
is a consumer product regardless of whether the product has substantial
commercial, industrial or non-consumer uses, unless such uses represent
the only significant mode of use of the product.
"Installation Information" for a User Product means any methods,
procedures, authorization keys, or other information required to install
and execute modified versions of a covered work in that User Product from
a modified version of its Corresponding Source. The information must
suffice to ensure that the continued functioning of the modified object
code is in no case prevented or interfered with solely because
modification has been made.
If you convey an object code work under this section in, or with, or
specifically for use in, a User Product, and the conveying occurs as
part of a transaction in which the right of possession and use of the
User Product is transferred to the recipient in perpetuity or for a
fixed term (regardless of how the transaction is characterized), the
Corresponding Source conveyed under this section must be accompanied
by the Installation Information. But this requirement does not apply
if neither you nor any third party retains the ability to install
modified object code on the User Product (for example, the work has
been installed in ROM).
The requirement to provide Installation Information does not include a
requirement to continue to provide support service, warranty, or updates
for a work that has been modified or installed by the recipient, or for
the User Product in which it has been modified or installed. Access to a
network may be denied when the modification itself materially and
adversely affects the operation of the network or violates the rules and
protocols for communication across the network.
Corresponding Source conveyed, and Installation Information provided,
in accord with this section must be in a format that is publicly
documented (and with an implementation available to the public in
source code form), and must require no special password or key for
unpacking, reading or copying.
7. Additional Terms.
"Additional permissions" are terms that supplement the terms of this
License by making exceptions from one or more of its conditions.
Additional permissions that are applicable to the entire Program shall
be treated as though they were included in this License, to the extent
that they are valid under applicable law. If additional permissions
apply only to part of the Program, that part may be used separately
under those permissions, but the entire Program remains governed by
this License without regard to the additional permissions.
When you convey a copy of a covered work, you may at your option
remove any additional permissions from that copy, or from any part of
it. (Additional permissions may be written to require their own
removal in certain cases when you modify the work.) You may place
additional permissions on material, added by you to a covered work,
for which you have or can give appropriate copyright permission.
Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, for material you
add to a covered work, you may (if authorized by the copyright holders of
that material) supplement the terms of this License with terms:
a) Disclaiming warranty or limiting liability differently from the
terms of sections 15 and 16 of this License; or
b) Requiring preservation of specified reasonable legal notices or
author attributions in that material or in the Appropriate Legal
Notices displayed by works containing it; or
c) Prohibiting misrepresentation of the origin of that material, or
requiring that modified versions of such material be marked in
reasonable ways as different from the original version; or
d) Limiting the use for publicity purposes of names of licensors or
authors of the material; or
e) Declining to grant rights under trademark law for use of some
trade names, trademarks, or service marks; or
f) Requiring indemnification of licensors and authors of that
material by anyone who conveys the material (or modified versions of
it) with contractual assumptions of liability to the recipient, for
any liability that these contractual assumptions directly impose on
those licensors and authors.
All other non-permissive additional terms are considered "further
restrictions" within the meaning of section 10. If the Program as you
received it, or any part of it, contains a notice stating that it is
governed by this License along with a term that is a further
restriction, you may remove that term. If a license document contains
a further restriction but permits relicensing or conveying under this
License, you may add to a covered work material governed by the terms
of that license document, provided that the further restriction does
not survive such relicensing or conveying.
If you add terms to a covered work in accord with this section, you
must place, in the relevant source files, a statement of the
additional terms that apply to those files, or a notice indicating
where to find the applicable terms.
Additional terms, permissive or non-permissive, may be stated in the
form of a separately written license, or stated as exceptions;
the above requirements apply either way.
8. Termination.
You may not propagate or modify a covered work except as expressly
provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to propagate or
modify it is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under
this License (including any patent licenses granted under the third
paragraph of section 11).
However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your
license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a)
provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and
finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright
holder fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means
prior to 60 days after the cessation.
Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is
reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the
violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have
received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that
copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after
your receipt of the notice.
Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the
licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under
this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently
reinstated, you do not qualify to receive new licenses for the same
material under section 10.
9. Acceptance Not Required for Having Copies.
You are not required to accept this License in order to receive or
run a copy of the Program. Ancillary propagation of a covered work
occurring solely as a consequence of using peer-to-peer transmission
to receive a copy likewise does not require acceptance. However,
nothing other than this License grants you permission to propagate or
modify any covered work. These actions infringe copyright if you do
not accept this License. Therefore, by modifying or propagating a
covered work, you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so.
10. Automatic Licensing of Downstream Recipients.
Each time you convey a covered work, the recipient automatically
receives a license from the original licensors, to run, modify and
propagate that work, subject to this License. You are not responsible
for enforcing compliance by third parties with this License.
An "entity transaction" is a transaction transferring control of an
organization, or substantially all assets of one, or subdividing an
organization, or merging organizations. If propagation of a covered
work results from an entity transaction, each party to that
transaction who receives a copy of the work also receives whatever
licenses to the work the party's predecessor in interest had or could
give under the previous paragraph, plus a right to possession of the
Corresponding Source of the work from the predecessor in interest, if
the predecessor has it or can get it with reasonable efforts.
You may not impose any further restrictions on the exercise of the
rights granted or affirmed under this License. For example, you may
not impose a license fee, royalty, or other charge for exercise of
rights granted under this License, and you may not initiate litigation
(including a cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that
any patent claim is infringed by making, using, selling, offering for
sale, or importing the Program or any portion of it.
11. Patents.
A "contributor" is a copyright holder who authorizes use under this
License of the Program or a work on which the Program is based. The
work thus licensed is called the contributor's "contributor version".
A contributor's "essential patent claims" are all patent claims
owned or controlled by the contributor, whether already acquired or
hereafter acquired, that would be infringed by some manner, permitted
by this License, of making, using, or selling its contributor version,
but do not include claims that would be infringed only as a
consequence of further modification of the contributor version. For
purposes of this definition, "control" includes the right to grant
patent sublicenses in a manner consistent with the requirements of
this License.
Each contributor grants you a non-exclusive, worldwide, royalty-free
patent license under the contributor's essential patent claims, to
make, use, sell, offer for sale, import and otherwise run, modify and
propagate the contents of its contributor version.
In the following three paragraphs, a "patent license" is any express
agreement or commitment, however denominated, not to enforce a patent
(such as an express permission to practice a patent or covenant not to
sue for patent infringement). To "grant" such a patent license to a
party means to make such an agreement or commitment not to enforce a
patent against the party.
If you convey a covered work, knowingly relying on a patent license,
and the Corresponding Source of the work is not available for anyone
to copy, free of charge and under the terms of this License, through a
publicly available network server or other readily accessible means,
then you must either (1) cause the Corresponding Source to be so
available, or (2) arrange to deprive yourself of the benefit of the
patent license for this particular work, or (3) arrange, in a manner
consistent with the requirements of this License, to extend the patent
license to downstream recipients. "Knowingly relying" means you have
actual knowledge that, but for the patent license, your conveying the
covered work in a country, or your recipient's use of the covered work
in a country, would infringe one or more identifiable patents in that
country that you have reason to believe are valid.
If, pursuant to or in connection with a single transaction or
arrangement, you convey, or propagate by procuring conveyance of, a
covered work, and grant a patent license to some of the parties
receiving the covered work authorizing them to use, propagate, modify
or convey a specific copy of the covered work, then the patent license
you grant is automatically extended to all recipients of the covered
work and works based on it.
A patent license is "discriminatory" if it does not include within
the scope of its coverage, prohibits the exercise of, or is
conditioned on the non-exercise of one or more of the rights that are
specifically granted under this License. You may not convey a covered
work if you are a party to an arrangement with a third party that is
in the business of distributing software, under which you make payment
to the third party based on the extent of your activity of conveying
the work, and under which the third party grants, to any of the
parties who would receive the covered work from you, a discriminatory
patent license (a) in connection with copies of the covered work
conveyed by you (or copies made from those copies), or (b) primarily
for and in connection with specific products or compilations that
contain the covered work, unless you entered into that arrangement,
or that patent license was granted, prior to 28 March 2007.
Nothing in this License shall be construed as excluding or limiting
any implied license or other defenses to infringement that may
otherwise be available to you under applicable patent law.
12. No Surrender of Others' Freedom.
If conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or
otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not
excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot convey a
covered work so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this
License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may
not convey it at all. For example, if you agree to terms that obligate you
to collect a royalty for further conveying from those to whom you convey
the Program, the only way you could satisfy both those terms and this
License would be to refrain entirely from conveying the Program.
13. Use with the GNU Affero General Public License.
Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, you have
permission to link or combine any covered work with a work licensed
under version 3 of the GNU Affero General Public License into a single
combined work, and to convey the resulting work. The terms of this
License will continue to apply to the part which is the covered work,
but the special requirements of the GNU Affero General Public License,
section 13, concerning interaction through a network will apply to the
combination as such.
14. Revised Versions of this License.
The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of
the GNU General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will
be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to
address new problems or concerns.
Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the
Program specifies that a certain numbered version of the GNU General
Public License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the
option of following the terms and conditions either of that numbered
version or of any later version published by the Free Software
Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of the
GNU General Public License, you may choose any version ever published
by the Free Software Foundation.
If the Program specifies that a proxy can decide which future
versions of the GNU General Public License can be used, that proxy's
public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you
to choose that version for the Program.
Later license versions may give you additional or different
permissions. However, no additional obligations are imposed on any
author or copyright holder as a result of your choosing to follow a
later version.
15. Disclaimer of Warranty.
THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY
APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT
HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY
OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM
IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF
ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
16. Limitation of Liability.
IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING
WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MODIFIES AND/OR CONVEYS
THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY
GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE
USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF
DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD
PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS),
EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
SUCH DAMAGES.
17. Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16.
If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided
above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms,
reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates
an absolute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the
Program, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a
copy of the Program in return for a fee.
END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest
to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
<one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.>
Copyright (C) <year> <name of author>
This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short
notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:
<program> Copyright (C) <year> <name of author>
This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate
parts of the General Public License. Of course, your program's commands
might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an "about box".
You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school,
if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary.
For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see
<http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program
into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you
may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with
the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General
Public License instead of this License. But first, please read
<http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html>.

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